Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Genetics of Speciation02:16

Genetics of Speciation

21.9K
Speciation is the evolutionary process resulting in the formation of new, distinct species—groups of reproductively isolated populations.
21.9K
What is Population Genetics?01:25

What is Population Genetics?

64.9K
A population is composed of members of the same species that simultaneously live and interact in the same area. When individuals in a population breed, they pass down their genes to their offspring. Many of these genes are polymorphic, meaning that they occur in multiple variants. Such variations of a gene are referred to as alleles. The collective set of all the alleles within a population is known as the gene pool.
64.9K
What is Genetic Engineering?00:49

What is Genetic Engineering?

80.4K
Overview
80.4K
Hybridoma Technology01:31

Hybridoma Technology

17.8K
Hybridoma technology is used for the large-scale production of monoclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies bind to only a single antigenic determinant or epitope. Such antibodies are used in research, diagnostics, and disease therapy. The hybridoma technology established in 1975 by Georges Köhler and Cesar Milstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1984 for revolutionizing research and therapy.
Hybridoma Selection
Commonly used fusion techniques — electroporation,...
17.8K
Natural and Artificial Concepts01:24

Natural and Artificial Concepts

577
In psychology, concepts can be divided into two categories: natural and artificial. Natural concepts are formed through direct or indirect experiences. For example, consider the concept of snow. If you live in a place with regular snowfall, such as Essex Junction, Vermont, you know snow through direct experiences. You’ve seen it fall, touched it, shoveled it, and played in it. You recognize its texture, appearance, and even its smell. In contrast, if you live on an island like Saint...
577
Second Order systems II01:18

Second Order systems II

412
In an underdamped second-order system, where the damping ratio ζ is between 0 and 1, a unit-step input results in a transfer function that, when transformed using the inverse Laplace method, reveals the output response. The output exhibits a damped sinusoidal oscillation, and the difference between the input and output is termed the error signal. This error signal also demonstrates damped oscillatory behavior. Eventually, as the system reaches a steady state, the error diminishes to zero.
412

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Recognition of non-standard base pairs by triplex-forming oligonucleotides containing an expanded genetic alphabet.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Ribose Accumulation in Borate-Rich Prebiotic Environments.

Astrobiology·2026
Same author

Viking Mars, Now 50 Years Old, Still Needs a Scientific Analysis.

Astrobiology·2025
Same author

Interstep compatibility of a model for the prebiotic synthesis of RNA consistent with Hadean natural history.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2025
Same author

Draft genome and alcohol dehydrogenase dataset of thermoanaerobacter uzonensis bacterium strain AK85.

Data in brief·2025
Same author

Improving the Fidelity of Replication of a Six-Letter DNA Alphabet.

ACS chemical biology·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Rapid Characterization of Genetic Parts with Cell-Free Systems
05:00

Rapid Characterization of Genetic Parts with Cell-Free Systems

Published on: August 30, 2021

2.2K

Artificially Expanded Genetic Information Systems for New Aptamer Technologies.

Elisa Biondi1,2, Steven A Benner3,4

  • 1Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution, Alachua, FL 32615, USA. ebiondi@ffame.org.

Biomedicines
|May 12, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Directed evolution aims to create molecules like receptors and catalysts. Researchers are exploring artificially expanded genetic information systems (AEGIS) to improve this technology by adding new nucleotide letters.

Keywords:
AEGISaptamersexpanded alphabetin vitro selection

More Related Videos

Mapping the Binding Site of an Aptamer on ATP Using MicroScale Thermophoresis
08:09

Mapping the Binding Site of an Aptamer on ATP Using MicroScale Thermophoresis

Published on: January 7, 2017

11.2K
Determination of In Vitro and Cellular Turn-on Kinetics for Fluorogenic RNA Aptamers
08:11

Determination of In Vitro and Cellular Turn-on Kinetics for Fluorogenic RNA Aptamers

Published on: August 9, 2022

2.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Rapid Characterization of Genetic Parts with Cell-Free Systems
05:00

Rapid Characterization of Genetic Parts with Cell-Free Systems

Published on: August 30, 2021

2.2K
Mapping the Binding Site of an Aptamer on ATP Using MicroScale Thermophoresis
08:09

Mapping the Binding Site of an Aptamer on ATP Using MicroScale Thermophoresis

Published on: January 7, 2017

11.2K
Determination of In Vitro and Cellular Turn-on Kinetics for Fluorogenic RNA Aptamers
08:11

Determination of In Vitro and Cellular Turn-on Kinetics for Fluorogenic RNA Aptamers

Published on: August 9, 2022

2.3K

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Synthetic Biology

Background:

  • Directed evolution has been used for 25 years to create novel biomolecules.
  • Standard DNA and RNA building blocks limit functionality and folding, hindering success.
  • Existing methods struggle to create diverse receptors, ligands, and catalysts on demand.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in creating improved platforms for directed evolution.
  • To explore the potential of artificially expanded genetic information systems (AEGIS).
  • To address limitations of standard nucleic acid building blocks.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent literature on nucleic acid engineering.
  • Focus on the development of artificially expanded genetic information systems (AEGIS).
  • Analysis of novel nucleotide 'letters' and their integration into evolving systems.

Main Results:

  • AEGIS offers a potential solution to the limited functionality of standard DNA/RNA.
  • Expanded nucleotide alphabets can increase information density and improve folding.
  • New systems show promise for creating more versatile biomolecules.

Conclusions:

  • Artificially expanded genetic information systems represent a significant advancement for directed evolution.
  • AEGIS technology could overcome previous limitations, enabling on-demand creation of biomolecules.
  • Further research into AEGIS holds promise for future applications in biotechnology and medicine.