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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Heart01:27

Anatomy of the Heart

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The human heart is made up of three layers of tissue that are surrounded by the pericardium, a membrane that protects and confines the heart. The outermost layer, closest to the pericardium, is the epicardium. The pericardial cavity separates the pericardium from the epicardium. Beneath the epicardium is the myocardium, the middle layer, and the endocardium, the innermost layer. There are four chambers of the heart: the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle.
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Anatomy of the Heart01:20

Anatomy of the Heart

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The heart is a hollow, muscular organ approximately the size of a fist, consisting of four chambers. It is enclosed in the pericardium, a fibrous sac with two layers: the visceral and parietal pericardium, separated by a fluid-filled space containing serous fluid to reduce friction.
The heart has three layers: the innermost endocardium, the muscular myocardium, and the outer epicardium, all working together for optimal cardiac function.
Chambers of the Heart
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Overview of the Heart01:07

Overview of the Heart

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The heart, a muscular organ located in the chest, functions as the body's pump, circulating blood through the vascular system. It has four chambers: two atria on top and two ventricles below. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body and passes it to the right ventricle, which pumps it to the lungs for oxygenation. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and transfers it to the left ventricle, which pumps it to the rest of the body.
The heart's structure...
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Conduction System of the Heart01:19

Conduction System of the Heart

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Autorhythmicity is a term that refers to the heart's inherent ability to generate electrical signals and instigate muscle contractions. This self-regulating conduction system within the heart consists of two key components: the pacemaker cells and specialized conducting cells.
The pacemaker cells are located in two primary nodes: the sinoatrial (SA) node and the atrioventricular (AV) node. The SA node pacemaker cells can autonomously depolarize, triggering an action potential that leads to the...
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Conduction System of the Heart01:20

Conduction System of the Heart

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The cardiac conduction system produces and transmits electrical impulses that prompt myocardial contraction, ensuring efficient heart function. This intricate system ensures that the heart beats in a coordinated and efficient manner, beginning with the atria and then the ventricles. The conduction system optimizes cardiac output by maintaining this precise sequence, which is crucial for adequate blood circulation.
This system relies on the unique properties of nodal and Purkinje cells:...
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Chambers of the Heart01:16

Chambers of the Heart

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The human heart is a complex organ made up of four chambers: the right and left atria and the right and left ventricles. These internal chambers are separated by partitions known as the interatrial and interventricular septa. The exterior of the heart features a groove known as the coronary sulcus that demarcates the atria from the ventricles, while the anterior and posterior interventricular sulci distinguish between the two ventricles.
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Implantation of Total Artificial Heart in Congenital Heart Disease
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[Altitude and the right heart].

R Naeije1

  • 1Département de cardiologie, hôpital universitaire Erasme, Bruxelles, Belgique.

Revue Des Maladies Respiratoires
|May 12, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

High altitude exposure can cause pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure in rare cases. Further studies are needed to understand the long-term effects and effective treatments for this altitude-related condition.

Keywords:
AltitudeCœur droitDéfaillance cardiaqueHeart failureHypoxiaHypoxiePulmonary hypertensionRight ventriclehypertension pulmonaire

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Physiology
  • Environmental Medicine
  • Pulmonary Hypertension

Background:

  • Altitude exposure decreases oxygen availability, leading to hypoxia.
  • Hypoxia causes pulmonary vasoconstriction, increasing pulmonary artery pressure and potentially leading to right heart failure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of high altitude on pulmonary artery pressure and right ventricular function.
  • To explore the potential link between altitude-induced pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure.

Main Methods:

  • Echocardiographic evaluations were performed on a large cohort of subjects exposed to high altitude.
  • Analysis focused on pulmonary artery pressure, right ventricular systolic and diastolic function, and contractile reserve during exercise.

Main Results:

  • Altitude exposure generally causes a modest increase in pulmonary artery pressure, not typically exceeding diagnostic thresholds for pulmonary hypertension.
  • Right ventricular function shows some alterations but generally maintains contractile reserve during exercise.
  • Severe pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure occur in less than 1% of cases due to strong hypoxic vasoconstriction.

Conclusions:

  • The prognostic significance of altitude-induced pulmonary hypertension and associated cardiac changes remains unclear.
  • Current treatments for hypoxic pulmonary hypertension, including descent, oxygen, and vasodilators, lack rigorous evaluation.
  • Altitude can be a cause of right heart failure, necessitating further epidemiological and therapeutic research.