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piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs02:57

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PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Short-distance transport refers to transport that occurs over a distance of just 2-3 cells, crossing the plasma membrane in the process. Small uncharged molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water, can diffuse across the plasma membrane on their own. In contrast, ions and larger molecules require the assistance of transport proteins due to their charge or size. Transport across membranes also occurs within individual cells, playing a variety of essential roles for the plant as a whole.
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Interactions between short and long noncoding RNAs.

Igor Ulitsky1

  • 1Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.

FEBS Letters
|May 12, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Noncoding RNAs, including short RNAs and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), interact to regulate cell functions. These interactions impact RNA biogenesis, expression, and activity, influencing cell fate across species.

Keywords:
long noncoding RNAs microRNATDMDceRNApiRNApost-transcriptional regulation

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are crucial regulators of cellular processes.
  • Short ncRNAs (MicroRNAs, snoRNAs, piRNAs) have well-defined functions.
  • Long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) are increasingly recognized for their regulatory roles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review interactions between short ncRNAs and lncRNAs.
  • To discuss the functional outcomes of these ncRNA interactions.
  • To provide examples from mammalian studies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of ncRNA interactions.
  • Analysis of reciprocal regulatory mechanisms.
  • Synthesis of findings from mammalian research.

Main Results:

  • lncRNAs can be precursors for small RNAs, influencing small RNA biogenesis.
  • Small RNAs can repress lncRNA expression.
  • lncRNAs and small RNAs engage in competitive binding and degradation pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Interactions between short ncRNAs and lncRNAs are complex and reciprocal.
  • These interactions significantly impact ncRNA fate and function.
  • Understanding these interactions is key to deciphering regulatory networks in mammals.