Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Brain: Ventricles

Anatomy of the Brain: Ventricles

There are hollow fluid-filled cavities known as ventricles deep inside the human brain. There are two lateral ventricles, one in each cerebral hemisphere, and each has three different projections — the anterior, inferior, and posterior horns visible from the lateral side. A thin membrane called the septum pellucidum separates the two lateral ventricles. The slender third ventricle in the diencephalon is connected to each lateral ventricle via a channel called the interventricular foramen.

Anatomy of the Brain: Major Regions

Anatomy of the Brain: Major Regions

The brain is the most complex organ in the human body. It consists of four main parts: the cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, and brainstem.
The cerebrum is the largest section of the brain and divides into left and right hemispheres, separated by a deep fissure. The cerebral outer layer of grey matter — the cerebral cortex — comprises elevations called gyri and shallow groves called sulci. The inner portion of white matter includes long nerve fibers known as axons, which connect...

Anatomy of the Circulatory System

Anatomy of the Circulatory System

The human circulatory system consists of blood, blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart, around the body, and back to the heart, and the heart itself, which acts as a central pump. The systemic circuit supplies blood to the whole body, the coronary circuit supplies blood to the heart, and the pulmonary circuit supplies blood flow between the heart and lungs.

Anatomy of the Heart

Anatomy of the Heart

The human heart is made up of three layers of tissue that are surrounded by the pericardium, a membrane that protects and confines the heart. The outermost layer, closest to the pericardium, is the epicardium. The pericardial cavity separates the pericardium from the epicardium. Beneath the epicardium is the myocardium, the middle layer, and the endocardium, the innermost layer. There are four chambers of the heart: the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle.

Anatomy of the Heart

Anatomy of the Heart

The heart is a hollow, muscular organ approximately the size of a fist, consisting of four chambers. It is enclosed in the pericardium, a fibrous sac with two layers: the visceral and parietal pericardium, separated by a fluid-filled space containing serous fluid to reduce friction.
The heart has three layers: the innermost endocardium, the muscular myocardium, and the outer epicardium, all working together for optimal cardiac function.
Chambers of the Heart
The heart is made up of four...

Anatomy of the Eyeball

Anatomy of the Eyeball

The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Brain Connectivity Modelling Through Joint Estimation of Parcels and Gradients.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Same author

Scaling up polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography to image the whole macaque brain.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Same author

Microscopy-informed structural connectivity mapping in the in vivo human brain via domain adaptation.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Same author

Brain activity, disruption and connectivity comparisons identify origins of human metacognition in other primates.

Nature human behaviour·2026

Same author

The human amygdala in threat learning and extinction.

Science advances·2026

Same author

What needs to be standardized for reliable, reproducible, and robust tractography?

GigaScience·2026

Same journal

Arrayed single-gene perturbations identify drivers of human anterior neural tube closure.

eLife·2026

Same journal

Pervasive relaxed selection on spermatogenesis genes coincident with the evolution of polygyny in gorillas.

eLife·2026

Same journal

Impacts of DNA methylation on H2A.Z deposition and nucleosome stability.

eLife·2026

Same journal

Continuous developmental changes in word recognition and language learning across early childhood.

eLife·2026

Same journal

Multiple event segmentation mechanisms in the human brain.

eLife·2026

Same journal

Optimised genome editing for precise DNA insertion and substitution using prime editors in zebrafish.

eLife·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 10, 2026

A Multimodal Imaging- and Stimulation-based Method of Evaluating Connectivity-related Brain Excitability in Patients with Epilepsy

A Multimodal Imaging- and Stimulation-based Method of Evaluating Connectivity-related Brain Excitability in Patients with Epilepsy

Published on: November 13, 2016

Whole brain comparative anatomy using connectivity blueprints.

Rogier B Mars^1,2, Stamatios N Sotiropoulos^1,3, Richard E Passingham⁴

¹Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.

|May 12, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a new framework using white matter blueprints to compare primate brains, identifying homologous areas and evolutionary specializations between species like humans and macaques.

Keywords:

comparative anatomy connectivity connectivity blueprint connectivity fingerprint matching human neuroscience rhesus macaque

More Related Videos

Whole-Brain 3D Activation and Functional Connectivity Mapping in Mice using Transcranial Functional Ultrasound Imaging

Whole-Brain 3D Activation and Functional Connectivity Mapping in Mice using Transcranial Functional Ultrasound Imaging

Published on: February 24, 2021

Mixed Reality Technology and Three-Dimensional Printing in Teaching: Heart Anatomy as an Example

Mixed Reality Technology and Three-Dimensional Printing in Teaching: Heart Anatomy as an Example

Published on: April 18, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 10, 2026

A Multimodal Imaging- and Stimulation-based Method of Evaluating Connectivity-related Brain Excitability in Patients with Epilepsy

A Multimodal Imaging- and Stimulation-based Method of Evaluating Connectivity-related Brain Excitability in Patients with Epilepsy

Published on: November 13, 2016

Whole-Brain 3D Activation and Functional Connectivity Mapping in Mice using Transcranial Functional Ultrasound Imaging

Whole-Brain 3D Activation and Functional Connectivity Mapping in Mice using Transcranial Functional Ultrasound Imaging

Published on: February 24, 2021

Mixed Reality Technology and Three-Dimensional Printing in Teaching: Heart Anatomy as an Example

Mixed Reality Technology and Three-Dimensional Printing in Teaching: Heart Anatomy as an Example

Published on: April 18, 2025

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Comparative Anatomy
Evolutionary Biology

Background:

Comparing brains across related species is challenging due to homology identification and evolutionary divergence.
Understanding primate brain evolution requires methods that account for both shared structures and unique specializations.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose a general framework for comparing primate brains, facilitating the identification of homologous areas and evolutionary specializations.
To establish a common reference space for cross-species brain analysis.
To illustrate the framework's application in comparing human and macaque brains.

Main Methods:

Utilizing white matter blueprints of the entire cortex, based on anatomically matched white matter tracts across species.
Developing a common reference space for interspecies brain navigation and cortical map transformation.
Defining evolutionary specializations as deviations within the species' blueprints.

Main Results:

The white matter blueprint approach provides a standardized method for comparing primate brains.
Homologous cortical areas can be reliably identified across species.
Evolutionary specializations are visualized as deviations in the blueprints.

Conclusions:

The proposed framework offers a robust method for comparative primate neuroanatomy.
This approach enhances our understanding of brain evolution and species-specific adaptations.
The framework is particularly useful for detailed comparisons, such as between human and macaque brains.