Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output01:22

Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output

3.5K
Cardiac output (CO), the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, is a parameter in cardiovascular physiology determined by stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume, the amount of blood pushed from one of the ventricles per heartbeat, is influenced by preload, afterload, and contractility.
Preload
Preload refers to the initial elongation of the cardiac myocytes before contraction and is related to the volume of blood filling the heart at the end of diastole, or end-diastolic volume. The...
3.5K
Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output01:19

Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output

2.8K
Cardiac Output
Cardiac output (CO) refers to the total amount of blood ejected by one of the ventricles in liters per minute (L/min). In a resting adult, CO ranges from 5 to 6 L/min, adjusting according to the body's metabolic requirements.
Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output
Cardiac output adapts to metabolic demands during stress, physical activity, or illness. The autonomic nervous system regulates heart rate via the sinoatrial node. The parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart...
2.8K
The Cardiac Cycle01:13

The Cardiac Cycle

98.5K
The heart beats rhythmically in a sequence called the cardiac cycle—a rapid coordination of contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole).
The Process
Electrical signals—sent from the sinoatrial (SA) node in the right atrial wall to the atrioventricular (AV) node between the right atrium and right ventricle—cause both atria to simultaneously contract. When the signal reaches the AV node, it pauses for approximately a tenth of a second, allowing the atria to contract and...
98.5K
Cardiac Cycle01:29

Cardiac Cycle

13.2K
The cardiac cycle refers to the sequence of events that occur in the heart from the beginning of one heartbeat to the next. It's characterized by alternating periods of contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of the heart muscles.
During the cardiac cycle, blood flow through the heart is regulated entirely by changing pressure gradients. This sequence of events begins with the heart in a state of total relaxation, known as mid-to-late diastole, during which blood passively flows from...
13.2K
Cardiac Action Potential01:30

Cardiac Action Potential

6.8K
Cardiac action potentials are essential for proper heart function, enabling the rhythmic contractions needed for adequate blood circulation. Nodal cells and Purkinje fibers, specialized for electrical conduction, generate these action potentials.
The cardiac action potential process involves a series of phases characterized by the movement of ions across the cardiac cell membranes, leading to the depolarization and repolarization of the cardiac myocytes.
Ionic Basis of Cardiac Action Potentials
6.8K
Exercise and Cardiac Output01:17

Exercise and Cardiac Output

2.0K
Regular physical activity is essential for maintaining cardiovascular health, with aerobic exercises being particularly effective. According to the American Heart Association, 150 minutes of moderate to intense aerobic exercise per week is recommended for a healthy heart. Aerobic activities may include brisk walking, running, bicycling, cross-country skiing, and swimming, ideally performed three to five times per week.
Sustained exercise increases the muscles' oxygen demand, which can be...
2.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Prioritizing Discovery and Advancements in Arrhythmia Therapies: NIH/NHLBI Workshop.

JACC. Clinical electrophysiology·2026
Same author

Genotype-specific digital twins for arrhythmia ablation targeting in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy.

Communications medicine·2026
Same author

Artificial Intelligence-Enhanced Electrocardiography and Health Records to Predict Cardiac Arrest.

JACC. Advances·2026
Same author

Applying Machine Learning to Fetal Echocardiograms: A Novel Method for Predicting Critical Coarctation of the Aorta.

Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography·2026
Same author

Accelerated Intrinsic Beating Rate in Heterogeneously Coupled Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes Can Underlie Focal Ventricular Tachycardia in Regenerative Therapy.

Journal of precision medicine (Amsterdam, Netherlands)·2026
Same author

Multi-modal screening for synergistic neuroprotection of mild extremely preterm brain injury.

Bioengineering & translational medicine·2026
Same journal

Beyond the Earliest Signal: A Three-Dimensional Perspective on the Substrate and Strategy of Outflow Tract PVC Ablation.

JACC. Clinical electrophysiology·2026
Same journal

Catheter Ablation of ARVC Ventricular Tachycardia With a Reverse R-Wave Pattern Break in Lead V2.

JACC. Clinical electrophysiology·2026
Same journal

Beyond QRS Duration in Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy.

JACC. Clinical electrophysiology·2026
Same journal

The High Road Is Clear: Reassuring Evidence for Aortic Valve Safety During Aortic Cusp Ablation.

JACC. Clinical electrophysiology·2026
Same journal

Intracardiac Electrograms During Left Bundle Branch Area Pacing Implantation.

JACC. Clinical electrophysiology·2026
Same journal

Marshall Bundle-Mediated Re-Entry After Combined Endo- and Epicardial PFA at the Mitral Isthmus Successfully Treated With VOMEI.

JACC. Clinical electrophysiology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Optogenetic Activation of Intrinsic Cardiac Autonomic Neurons in Excised Perfused Mouse Hearts
08:29

Optogenetic Activation of Intrinsic Cardiac Autonomic Neurons in Excised Perfused Mouse Hearts

Published on: March 28, 2025

779

Cardiac Optogenetics: 2018.

Patrick M Boyle1, Thomas V Karathanos1, Natalia A Trayanova1

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.

JACC. Clinical Electrophysiology
|May 12, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cardiac optogenetics uses light-sensitive proteins (opsins) to control heart electrical activity. This review covers advances in opsin engineering, light delivery, and applications like contactless assays, arrhythmia research, and light-based pacing.

Keywords:
arrhythmiacardiac optogeneticscardiotoxicity screeningdefibrillationmultiscale computational modelingpacemakingre-entry

More Related Videos

Advanced Cardiac Rhythm Management by Applying Optogenetic Multi-Site Photostimulation in Murine Hearts
08:43

Advanced Cardiac Rhythm Management by Applying Optogenetic Multi-Site Photostimulation in Murine Hearts

Published on: August 26, 2021

2.9K
Developing Drosophila melanogaster Models for Imaging and Optogenetic Control of Cardiac Function
08:43

Developing Drosophila melanogaster Models for Imaging and Optogenetic Control of Cardiac Function

Published on: August 25, 2022

3.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Optogenetic Activation of Intrinsic Cardiac Autonomic Neurons in Excised Perfused Mouse Hearts
08:29

Optogenetic Activation of Intrinsic Cardiac Autonomic Neurons in Excised Perfused Mouse Hearts

Published on: March 28, 2025

779
Advanced Cardiac Rhythm Management by Applying Optogenetic Multi-Site Photostimulation in Murine Hearts
08:43

Advanced Cardiac Rhythm Management by Applying Optogenetic Multi-Site Photostimulation in Murine Hearts

Published on: August 26, 2021

2.9K
Developing Drosophila melanogaster Models for Imaging and Optogenetic Control of Cardiac Function
08:43

Developing Drosophila melanogaster Models for Imaging and Optogenetic Control of Cardiac Function

Published on: August 25, 2022

3.4K

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Cardiology
  • Optogenetics

Background:

  • Cardiac optogenetics enables optical control of heart electrical activity using light-sensitive proteins (opsins).
  • It offers advantages over electrical stimulation, including cell-specific modulation and precise spatiotemporal control.
  • This field has rapidly advanced over the past decade.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review methodological advances in cardiac optogenetics.
  • To summarize recent applications of cardiac optogenetics.
  • To highlight the potential of optogenetics in cardiac research and therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent literature on opsin engineering and cardiac tissue light sensitization.
  • Analysis of illumination strategies and computational modeling frameworks.
  • Summary of experimental and translational applications in cardiac research.

Main Results:

  • Methodological progress includes improved opsin variants, enhanced light delivery, and sophisticated computational models.
  • Applications encompass high-throughput electrophysiological assays, mechanistic studies of arrhythmias, and development of light-based pacemaking and defibrillation.
  • Optogenetics provides precise control over cardiac electrophysiology.

Conclusions:

  • Cardiac optogenetics has matured significantly, offering powerful tools for fundamental research.
  • Translational applications like light-based cardiac rhythm management show disruptive potential.
  • Continued innovation in opsin technology and delivery systems will further expand its impact.