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Related Concept Videos

Hydrogen Bonds00:26

Hydrogen Bonds

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Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.
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A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
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Autoxidation of Ethers to Peroxides and Hydroperoxides02:23

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Ethers represent a class of chemical compounds that become more dangerous with prolonged storage because they tend to form explosive peroxides when standing in the air. Autoxidation is the spontaneous oxidation of a compound in air. In the presence of oxygen, ethers slowly oxidize to form hydroperoxides and dialkyl peroxides.
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In the presence of organic peroxides, the addition of hydrogen bromide to an alkene yields the isomer that is not predicted by Markovnikov’s rule. For example, the addition of hydrogen bromide to 2-methylpropene in the presence of peroxides gives 1-bromo-2-methylpropane. This addition reaction proceeds via a free radical mechanism, which reverses the regioselectivity. The free radical reaction mechanism involves three stages: initiation, propagation, and termination.
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Gastric motility is the coordinated contraction and relaxation of stomach muscles that convert ingested food into chyme, a semi-liquid substance ready for further digestion in the intestines. The process begins with the vagus nerve inducing the relaxation of the smooth muscles in the fundus and body of the stomach, allowing these regions to expand and accommodate up to approximately 1.5 liters of food and liquid.
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Related Experiment Video

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Simultaneous Measurement of Superoxide/Hydrogen Peroxide and NADH Production by Flavin-containing Mitochondrial Dehydrogenases
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Engineering bacterial motility towards hydrogen-peroxide.

Chelsea Virgile1,2, Pricila Hauk1,2, Hsuan-Chen Wu3

  • 1Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America.

Plos One
|May 12, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Synthetic biologists engineered bacteria to move towards hydrogen peroxide, a molecule released during immune responses. This research paves the way for smart probiotics that can autonomously target and treat diseases signaled by hydrogen peroxide.

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Area of Science:

  • Synthetic Biology
  • Microbiology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Synthetic biologists create novel biological systems for environmental, energy, and health applications.
  • Rewired cells can function as programmable devices, moving beyond simple product synthesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To engineer bacteria with controlled motility towards hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a signaling molecule in the body's immune response.
  • To develop 'smart' probiotic cells capable of autonomously targeting and treating diseases indicated by H2O2 release.

Main Methods:

  • Engineered E. coli to recognize and move towards H2O2 by exploiting the native oxyRS oxidative stress regulon.
  • Demonstrated H2O2-mediated upregulation of the motility regulator CheZ.
  • Utilized transwell assays and a 2D cell tracking system to quantify bacterial motility and directionality towards H2O2.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a two-fold increase in net bacterial motility towards H2O2.
  • Quantified motility descriptors, including velocity and run/tumble ratios, showing increased running speeds with higher H2O2 concentrations.
  • Characterized programmed directionality towards H2O2 gradients using microfluidic devices.

Conclusions:

  • The developed synthetic biology framework enables controlled bacterial motility towards specific molecular cues.
  • This approach provides a foundation for creating smart probiotics for signal-directed disease treatment.