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Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Long-term memory is a relatively permanent type of memory, capable of storing vast amounts of information over extended periods. Its storage capacity is generally considered unlimited.
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Updated: Feb 10, 2026

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Biometric Authentication Using the PPG: A Long-Term Feasibility Study.

Jorge Sancho1, Álvaro Alesanco2, José García3

  • 1Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain. jslarraz@unizar.es.

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|May 13, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Photoplethysmogram (PPG) signals show potential for long-term biometric authentication. While stable error rates are achievable, performance degrades in real-world conditions and over time, impacting reliability.

Keywords:
Manhattan distanceauthenticationbiometricslong-termmulti-cycle templatephotoplethysmogram (PPG)

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Signal Processing
  • Biometrics

Background:

  • Photoplethysmogram (PPG) signals measure peripheral blood flow changes.
  • PPG's utility in biometric authentication remains inconclusive despite recent research.
  • Long-term feasibility of PPG for biometrics requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the long-term feasibility of using PPG signals for biometric authentication.
  • To evaluate the stability of performance metrics like False Match Rate (FMR) and False Non-Match Rate (FNMR).
  • To assess the impact of varying recording conditions and time intervals on biometric performance.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized time-domain and Karhunen-Loève transform feature extractors.
  • Employed Manhattan and Euclidean distances for matching metrics.
  • Tested performance across four PPG databases: PRRB, MIMIC-II, Berry, and Nonin.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated constant FMR and FNMR values over time for a selected threshold, crucial for authentication.
  • Achieved Equal Error Rate (EER) from 1.0% (controlled) to 8% (real-world) within the same session.
  • Observed significant performance degradation, with EER reaching 23.2% for signals recorded on different days.

Conclusions:

  • PPG signals offer a stable basis for biometric authentication under consistent conditions.
  • Real-world application and long-term use are challenged by performance variability and degradation over time.
  • Further research is needed to mitigate performance drops in diverse and longitudinal scenarios.