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Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Mouse Kidney Transplantation: Models of Allograft Rejection
Published on: October 11, 2014
Acute, Chronic, and Humoral Rejection: Pathologic Features Under Current Immunosuppressive Regimes
1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Room 8707, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
Abstract:
Under current immunosuppressive regimes, T-cell-mediated acute and chronic rejection remain common and important posttransplant complications. The definition of humoral (antibody-mediated) rejection has been greatly expanded in recent years. The histopathologic assessment of allograft biopsies continues to serve an important role in the diagnosis of rejection and to facilitate patient management. The diagnosis of both acute and chronic antibody-mediated rejection requires integration of the results of donor-specific antibody testing and C4d immunostaining, as well as exclusion of other potential etiologies of allograft dysfunction. Chronic antibody-mediated rejection should also be included in the differential diagnosis for unexplained allograft fibrosis.
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