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Related Concept Videos

Post-translational Translocation of Proteins to the RER01:27

Post-translational Translocation of Proteins to the RER

7.8K
A sizable fraction of proteins destined for ER are first synthesized in the cell cytosol and then transported across the ER membrane–a process called post-translational translocation. Similar to cotranslationally translocated proteins, these proteins also use the Sec translocon complex to enter the ER lumen.
Targeting proteins to the ER
Hsp40 and Hsp70 chaperone molecules bind the translated proteins in the cytosol to prevent their folding. The chaperone binding helps to keep the signal...
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Translation01:31

Translation

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Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of...
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Translation01:31

Translation

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Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are...
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Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone...
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Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

39.2K
Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
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Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

27.8K
The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Author Spotlight: Quantitative Detection of DNA Protein Crosslinks and Their Post-Translational Modifications
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Author Spotlight: Quantitative Detection of DNA Protein Crosslinks and Their Post-Translational Modifications

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Next-generation antibodies for post-translational modifications.

Takamitsu Hattori1, Shohei Koide2

  • 1Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States.

Current Opinion in Structural Biology
|May 13, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Generating effective antibodies against post-translational modifications (PTMs) is challenging. Advanced protein engineering techniques now enable the creation of highly functional anti-PTM antibodies with improved recognition mechanisms.

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Conventional methods face challenges in generating antibodies for post-translational modifications (PTMs) due to difficulties in molecular recognition.
  • There is a growing demand for highly specific and functional anti-PTM antibodies in various research and diagnostic applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore advanced protein engineering strategies for developing highly functional anti-PTM antibodies.
  • To investigate the structural basis of PTM recognition by novel anti-PTM antibodies.

Main Methods:

  • Application of advanced protein engineering and design approaches, previously used in biologics development.
  • Structural analysis of the generated anti-PTM antibodies to understand their binding modes.

Main Results:

  • Successful generation of highly functional anti-PTM antibodies using advanced protein engineering methods.
  • Identification of unprecedented antigen-binding modes that significantly increase the antibody's binding surface.
  • Enhanced understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying specific PTM recognition.

Conclusions:

  • Advanced protein engineering offers a viable solution to overcome limitations in generating functional anti-PTM antibodies.
  • Structural insights reveal novel binding strategies that improve antibody specificity and affinity for PTMs.
  • These findings pave the way for more effective development of anti-PTM antibodies with exquisite specificity and high affinity.