Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Investigation of Plant Interactions Across Common Mycorrhizal Networks Using Rotated Cores
Published on: March 26, 2019
Non-Mycorrhizal Plants: The Exceptions that Prove the Rule
Marco Cosme1, Ivan Fernández1, Marcel G A Van der Heijden2
1Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4Life, Utrecht University, PO Box 800.56, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
None:
The widespread symbiotic interaction between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi relies on a complex molecular dialog with reciprocal benefits in terms of nutrition, growth, and protection. Approximately 29% of all vascular plant species do not host AM symbiosis, including major crops. Under certain conditions, however, presumed non-host plants can become colonized by AM fungi and develop rudimentary AM (RAM) phenotypes. Here we zoom in on the mustard family (Brassicaceae), which harbors AM hosts, non-hosts, and presumed non-host species such as Arabidopsis thaliana, for which conditional RAM colonization has been described. We advocate that RAM phenotypes and redundant genomic elements of the symbiotic 'toolkit' are missing links that can help to unravel genetic constraints that drive the evolution of symbiotic incompatibility.
More Related Videos
07:43Production of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) Fungal Inoculum and Phenotypic Evaluation of Rice and AM Symbiosis Under Saline Conditions
Published on: March 14, 2025
08:28Mycorrhizal Maps as a Tool to Explore Colonization Patterns and Fungal Strategies in the Roots of Festuca rubra and Zea mays
Published on: August 26, 2022
Related Concept Videos
Exceptions to the Octet Rule
Lewis Symbols and the Octet Rule
The Aufbau Principle and Hund's Rule
Midpoint Rule
Trapezoidal Rule
Simpson's Rule I