Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 10, 2026

The use of SC1 Pluripotin to Support mESC Self-renewal in the Absence of LIF
Published on: November 18, 2009
LIF/Raman/XRF non-invasive microanalysis of frescoes from St. Alexander catacombs in Rome
S Almaviva1, R Fantoni1, F Colao1
1ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, via Enrico Fermi, 45, 00044 Frascati, Rome, Italy.
Abstract:
Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF), Raman spectroscopy and X-ray (XRF) fluorescence were used to study two frescoes at the S. Alexander catacombs complex, in Rome. LIF analysis has shown the presence of a transparent protective material probably deposited in previous restoration treatments and allowed to clearly distinguish the areas undergoing the current restoration process from the ones which still have to be treated. Raman and XRF analysis allowed to non-destructively characterizing most of the pictorial materials used for the artworks, including calcite (CaCO3), red ochre (Fe2O3), minium (Pb3O4), yellow ochre (α-FeOOH) and others. Therefore, thanks to the complementarity of the above-mentioned techniques, it was possible to obtain a detailed characterization of the studied frescoes. Finally, the whole ensemble of results constituted a valid tool to effectively plan the restoration of the frescoes.
Related Concept Videos
Raman Spectroscopy: Overview
However, a small fraction of the scattered light exhibits a frequency shift due to the exchange of energy between the incident photons and...
Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview
The monochromatic laser source, typically using visible or near-infrared radiation, generates a highly focused beam of light. This light interacts with the molecules of the sample, scattering some of the light. Liquid and gaseous samples are usually tested in ordinary glass capillaries, while solids can be analyzed as powders packed in capillaries or as potassium...
Mechanical Ventilation II: Invasive Ventilation
Negative-Pressure Ventilators
Negative-pressure ventilators create a vacuum around the chest or body to draw air into the lungs, simulating breathing. This method does not require an...
Threats to Biodiversity
Homologous Recombination

