Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Cognitive Dissonance01:38

Cognitive Dissonance

37.5K
Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...
37.5K
Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

807
Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
807
Cognitive Therapy01:25

Cognitive Therapy

1.1K
Cognitive therapy, pioneered by Aaron T. Beck in the 1960s, is a structured approach to addressing psychological distress by focusing on the influence of thoughts on emotions and behaviors. All cognitive therapies involve the basic assumption that human beings have control over their feelings, and that how individuals feel about something depends on how they think about it. Unlike psychoanalytic methods that delve into unconscious processes or humanistic approaches emphasizing...
1.1K
Cognition and Behavior01:23

Cognition and Behavior

383
Social psychology examines the complex interplay between individual mental processes and social interactions. Historically, the field was divided into two domains: social behavior and social cognition. Researchers focusing on social behavior analyzed actions within social contexts, such as conformity, aggression, or cooperation. Meanwhile, social cognition researchers investigated how people perceive, interpret, and mentally represent their social environments. However, modern perspectives no...
383
Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

1.2K
Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
1.2K
Introduction to Cognitive Psychology01:20

Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

2.5K
Cognitive psychology is the field of psychology dedicated to examining how people think. It attempts to explain how and why we think the way we do by studying the interactions among human thinking, emotion, creativity, language, and problem-solving, as well as other cognitive processes. Cognitive psychology studies how information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowing.
This field emerged in the mid-20th century, following a period dominated by behaviorism, which...
2.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A standardized Ferula supplement (Menotrack) to prevent symptoms in post-menopause: a 3-month supplement registry.

Panminerva medica·2026
Same author

The Role of Worry and Emotional Intelligence in Depression in a Non-Clinical and Subclinical Sample.

European journal of investigation in health, psychology and education·2026
Same author

Examining the Mediation Role of Emotion Regulation and Hope in the Impact of COVID-19 on Psychological Well-Being and Mental Health.

International journal of psychology : Journal international de psychologie·2026
Same author

Sarcopenia: effects of Robuvit® supplementation on loss of muscular mass and strength.

Minerva medica·2026
Same author

Unveiling the Dark: Exploring the Nomological Consistency of the Short Dark Triad and Dirty Dozen Scales.

Europe's journal of psychology·2026
Same author

Improvement in venous ulcer closure and healing with Centellicum®.

Minerva surgery·2025
Same journal

Impact of weak MGMT promoter methylation on the prognosis of patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma.

Journal of neurosurgical sciences·2026
Same journal

Pressure under the knife: embracing equanimity in neurosurgery.

Journal of neurosurgical sciences·2026
Same journal

Normal pressure hydrocephalus as a mechanobiological disorder.

Journal of neurosurgical sciences·2026
Same journal

Efficacy and safety of gamma knife radiosurgery in the management of pediatric gliomas: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Journal of neurosurgical sciences·2026
Same journal

Balancing benefits and risks: bevacizumab's role in postoperative recovery after spinal oncologic neurosurgery.

Journal of neurosurgical sciences·2026
Same journal

Neurosurgeons in Italy: results of a national census (2022-2024).

Journal of neurosurgical sciences·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Author Spotlight: Improving Anesthesia Protocols for Enhanced Mouse Acupuncture Research
03:26

Author Spotlight: Improving Anesthesia Protocols for Enhanced Mouse Acupuncture Research

Published on: December 8, 2023

1.9K

Pycnogenol® supplementation in minimal cognitive dysfunction.

Morio Hosoi1,2, Gianni Belcaro3,2, Aristide Saggino1,2

  • 1IRVINE3 Labs, Chieti-Pescara University, Chieti, Italy.

Journal of Neurosurgical Sciences
|May 15, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pycnogenol® supplementation significantly improved cognitive function in individuals with mild cognitive impairment over an 8-week period. This natural compound shows promise for enhancing cognitive performance and addressing oxidative stress.

More Related Videos

A Mouse Model of Orthopedic Surgery to Study Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction and Tissue Regeneration
08:17

A Mouse Model of Orthopedic Surgery to Study Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction and Tissue Regeneration

Published on: February 27, 2018

17.1K
Online Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of Dorsomedial and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Cognition Decision Making, and Cognitive Dissonance
13:20

Online Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of Dorsomedial and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Cognition Decision Making, and Cognitive Dissonance

Published on: December 5, 2025

996

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Author Spotlight: Improving Anesthesia Protocols for Enhanced Mouse Acupuncture Research
03:26

Author Spotlight: Improving Anesthesia Protocols for Enhanced Mouse Acupuncture Research

Published on: December 8, 2023

1.9K
A Mouse Model of Orthopedic Surgery to Study Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction and Tissue Regeneration
08:17

A Mouse Model of Orthopedic Surgery to Study Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction and Tissue Regeneration

Published on: February 27, 2018

17.1K
Online Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of Dorsomedial and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Cognition Decision Making, and Cognitive Dissonance
13:20

Online Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of Dorsomedial and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Cognition Decision Making, and Cognitive Dissonance

Published on: December 5, 2025

996

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Nutritional Science
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Cognitive function impairments are challenging to detect and manage, especially in early stages.
  • Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) may be linked to cerebral microcirculation issues and metabolic factors.
  • Pycnogenol®, a maritime pine bark extract, is investigated for its potential cognitive benefits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of Pycnogenol® supplementation in healthy individuals with minimal cognitive impairment.
  • To assess changes in cognitive function over a two-month period using the MMSE score.

Main Methods:

  • Eighty-seven healthy participants with MMSE scores between 18-23 were enrolled.
  • Participants were randomized into two groups: standard management (SM) or SM with Pycnogenol® (150 mg/day).
  • Cognitive function was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score before and after the 8-week intervention.

Main Results:

  • The Pycnogenol® group showed a significant increase in MMSE scores from 21.64 to 25.64 (P<0.05) after 8 weeks.
  • The control group (SM only) exhibited minimal improvement in MMSE scores (22.43 to 23.00).
  • Median increase in MMSE score was 18% with Pycnogenol® versus 2.48% in the control group (P<0.05).

Conclusions:

  • Pycnogenol® supplementation demonstrated significant positive effects on cognitive function in individuals with initial cognitive impairment.
  • The benefits are attributed to Pycnogenol®'s effects on oxidative stress levels.
  • Further research with larger cohorts and longer follow-up is recommended due to good safety and tolerability.