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Related Concept Videos

Cholinergic Antagonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:29

Cholinergic Antagonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

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Cholinergic antagonists bind to cholinergic receptors and limit the effects of acetylcholine and other cholinergic agonists. Based on the specific cholinergic receptor affinity, these antagonists are classified as muscarinic or nicotinic. Anticholinergics interrupt parasympathetic innervations while sympathetic innervations remain uninterrupted. Muscarinic antagonists are also called 'muscarinic antagonists', 'antimuscarinics', or 'parasympatholytics'. Nicotinic...
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Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:29

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Indirect-acting cholinergic agonists are agents that interact with the acetylcholinesterase enzyme in the synaptic cleft, preventing the breakdown of acetylcholine into choline and acetate. Consequently, the concentration of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft increases. These agonists can be classified into reversible and irreversible inhibitors based on their duration of action.
Reversible inhibitors display short to medium durations of action. Short-acting agents include simple alcohols with...
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Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:22

Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

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Cholinergic agonists or cholinomimetics mimic the action of acetylcholine to stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system. They are categorized into direct-acting and indirect-acting agents. The direct-acting cholinergic drugs induce the parasympathetic response by directly binding to the muscarinic or nicotine receptors. In comparison, the indirect-acting cholinergic drugs prevent acetylcholine hydrolysis, indirectly contributing to the extended parasympathetic response.
The direct-acting...
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Cholinergic Antagonists: Therapeutic Uses01:26

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Antimuscarinic drugs have various therapeutic applications by inhibiting parasympathetic stimulation in different systems. Here are the key therapeutic uses of antimuscarinics:    
Respiratory Tract: Ipratropium, aclidinium, and tiotropium treat asthma, chronic bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). They protect against bronchoconstriction caused by irritants like cigarette smoke, sulfur dioxide, and ozone. They also help reduce nasopharyngeal...
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Cholinergic Neurons: Neurotransmission01:23

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Cholinergic neurotransmission involves the synthesis and the release of acetylcholine (ACh) in order to transmit nerve impulses across the synapse. The process begins with the synthesis of acetyl CoA, a precursor for ACh, from ATP, acetate, and coenzyme A in the mitochondria. Choline, another vital precursor, is transported inside the neuron through choline transporters, including high-affinity choline transporter CHT1, low-affinity choline transporter CTL1, and lower-affinity choline...
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Cholinergic Receptors: Muscarinic01:25

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The pharmacological actions of acetylcholine are elicited via its binding to two families of cholinergic receptors or cholinoceptors, namely, muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. Muscarinic receptors are G protein-coupled receptors and have five subtypes, M1–M5. All mAChR subtypes are activated by acetylcholine and blocked by the antagonist, atropine. 
The subtypes M1, M3, and M5 couple with the Gq subunit and activate the phospholipase C (PLC) activity, mobilizing intracellular Ca2+....
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Related Experiment Video

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Pauses in Cholinergic Interneuron Activity Are Driven by Excitatory Input and Delayed Rectification, with Dopamine

Yan-Feng Zhang1, John N J Reynolds2, Stephanie J Cragg3

  • 1Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK; Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK; Department of Anatomy and the Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, NZ.

Neuron
|May 15, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) in the striatum pause firing due to reduced excitatory input, involving a specific potassium current (IKr). This mechanism explains how ChIs report input changes and learn during conditioning.

Keywords:
basal gangliacholinergic interneuroncorticostriataldelayed rectificationdopamineexcitatory inputnigrostriatalpause responsestriatumthalamostriatal

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Computational Neuroscience
  • Cellular Electrophysiology

Background:

  • Cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) in the striatum exhibit firing pauses in response to salient and conditioned stimuli.
  • Previous studies proposed various mechanisms for pause generation, lacking a unifying explanation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the underlying biophysical mechanisms driving ChI pauses in the striatum.
  • To establish a unifying basis for understanding ChI pause generation and its role in learning.

Main Methods:

  • In vivo and ex vivo electrophysiological recordings in rat and mouse brain.
  • Development and application of a computational model to simulate ChI activity.
  • Pharmacological manipulation using Kv7.2/7.3 blocker XE-991.

Main Results:

  • ChI pauses are primarily driven by the withdrawal of excitatory inputs to the striatum.
  • A delayed rectifier potassium current (IKr), sensitive to XE-991, is crucial for pause generation.
  • ChIs report input changes, pause upon excitatory input recession, and scale pauses with input strength, consistent with learning-induced changes.
  • Dopamine's augmentation of pauses is mainly mediated by strengthening excitatory inputs, not direct hyperpolarization.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a unifying biophysical mechanism for ChI pause generation, centered on IKr and excitatory input dynamics.
  • Findings offer insights into how ChIs signal changes in neural input and contribute to associative learning.
  • The results highlight the interplay between intrinsic neuronal properties and network activity in shaping neuronal function.