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Aging01:26

Aging

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Aging is a complex biological phenomenon influenced by various processes that affect cellular and systemic functions. Several prominent theories attempt to explain its mechanisms, highlighting cellular limitations, oxidative damage, and hormonal changes as central factors in aging.
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Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...
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Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
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Implications of Cellular Aging in Cardiac Reprogramming.

Fabiana Passaro1, Gianluca Testa2,3

  • 1Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy.

Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine
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Cellular senescence, a hallmark of aging, impacts tissue repair and cardiovascular health. This review explores how cellular senescence influences in vivo reprogramming, potentially rejuvenating aged tissues.

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology and Regenerative Medicine
  • Cardiovascular Biology
  • Cellular and Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Aging involves progressive functional decline in organ systems, increasing susceptibility to diseases like cardiovascular conditions.
  • Cellular senescence, a response to cell damage, contributes to aging and age-related diseases when senescent cells accumulate.
  • Cellular reprogramming can reverse age-associated cellular features, offering therapeutic potential for aging and related disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the interplay between cellular senescence and reprogramming processes in the context of aging.
  • To discuss the role of cellular senescence in modulating the microenvironment for in vivo reprogramming, particularly in cardiac tissues.
  • To highlight potential therapeutic strategies for premature aging and age-related diseases through cellular rejuvenation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review synthesizing current research on cellular senescence, aging, and cellular reprogramming.
  • Analysis of experimental evidence regarding the dual role of senescence as a barrier and facilitator of reprogramming.
  • Conceptual framework integrating aging, senescence, and reprogramming for understanding tissue repair and rejuvenation.

Main Results:

  • Cellular senescence presents a barrier to reprogramming in individual cells but can create a permissive microenvironment for surrounding cells.
  • Senescence-driven tissue remodeling is crucial for the success of in vivo reprogramming processes.
  • Aged tissues may offer a favorable microenvironment for in vivo cardiac reprogramming, suggesting potential for rejuvenation therapies.

Conclusions:

  • Cellular senescence has a complex, context-dependent role in reprogramming, acting as both an impediment and an enabler.
  • Understanding the senescence-reprogramming axis is key to developing strategies for tissue repair and combating age-related decline.
  • Targeting cellular senescence and leveraging its effects on reprogramming holds promise for therapeutic interventions in aging and cardiovascular disease.