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Left Right Patterning, Evolution and Cardiac Development
1Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.
Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease
|May 15, 2018
Summary
Left-right axis patterning is crucial for heart development, and its disruption causes congenital heart defects. This review explores mechanisms, evolutionary aspects, and cardiovascular defects linked to abnormal left-right patterning.
Area of Science:
- Developmental Biology
- Cardiovascular Science
- Evolutionary Biology
Background:
- Left-right axis determination is fundamental to heart development.
- Aberrant left-right patterning leads to congenital heart diseases.
- Axis establishment precedes heart tube formation but influences later morphogenesis.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review mechanisms of left-right polarity in mouse and chick embryos.
- To discuss the evolution of left-right patterning systems.
- To describe cardiovascular defects associated with aberrant left-right patterning.
Main Methods:
- Comparative embryology of mouse and chick models.
- Analysis of mouse mutants and human disease phenotypes.
- Review of developmental processes and evolutionary modifications.
Main Results:
- Detailed description of left-right polarity mechanisms in different species.
- Phenotypic analysis of defects in atrial identity, venous connections, and heart tube looping.
- Examination of asymmetric arterial system remodeling, including the aortic arch.
Conclusions:
- Comparative embryology aids understanding of congenital heart disease.
- Evolutionary modifications of developmental processes are evident.
- Left-right patterning defects represent a significant class of cardiovascular anomalies.
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