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The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved...
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Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
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Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
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All atomic particles possess an intrinsic angular momentum, or 'spin'. Electrons, protons, and neutrons each have a spin value of ½, although protons and neutrons in nuclei may have higher half-integer spins owing to energetic factors.
Atomic nuclei have a net nuclear spin, , which can have an integer or half-integer value. In atomic nuclei, the spins of protons are paired against each other but not with neutrons, and vice versa. Consequently, an even number of protons does not contribute to...
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Spin Hall and Spin Swapping Torques in Diffusive Ferromagnets.

Christian Ortiz Pauyac1,2, Mairbek Chshiev2, Aurelien Manchon1,3

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Spintronics
  • Quantum transport

Background:

  • Understanding charge and spin dynamics in ferromagnetic materials is crucial for developing advanced electronic devices.
  • Spin-orbit coupling plays a significant role in mediating spin transport phenomena.
  • Existing models often lack a comprehensive description of coupled charge and spin dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To derive a complete set of generalized drift-diffusion equations for coupled charge and spin dynamics in ferromagnets.
  • To investigate the influence of extrinsic spin-orbit coupling on these dynamics.
  • To explore novel phenomena and potential applications arising from these interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Derivation of equations from the quantum kinetic approach.
  • Analysis of major transport phenomena including spin and anomalous Hall effects.
  • Investigation of spin swapping, precession, and relaxation processes.

Main Results:

  • A complete set of generalized drift-diffusion equations for coupled charge and spin dynamics was derived.
  • The spin swapping effect in ferromagnets is found to be enhanced by spin polarization.
  • A complex spatial dependence of the spin texture was observed, arising from spin-orbit and spin precession interplay.

Conclusions:

  • The derived equations provide a comprehensive framework for studying spin dynamics in ferromagnets.
  • The enhanced spin swapping and complex spin textures offer new avenues for spintronic applications.
  • Novel methods for generating torques and controlling domain walls in centrosymmetric geometries without external polarizers are proposed.