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Ions and Ionic Charges03:27

Ions and Ionic Charges

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In ordinary chemical reactions, the nucleus — which contains the protons and neutrons of each atom and thus identifies the element — remains unchanged. Electrons, however, can be added to atoms by transfer from other atoms, lost by transfer to other atoms, or shared with other atoms. The transfer and sharing of electrons among atoms govern the chemistry of the elements. During the formation of some compounds, atoms gain or lose electrons to form electrically charged particles called...
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Radioactivity is a spontaneous disintegration of an unstable nuclide and is a random process, as all the nuclei in the sample do not decay simultaneously. The number of disintegrations per unit time is called the activity (A), which is directly proportional to the number of nuclei in the sample. The decay constant (λ) is an average probability of decay per nucleus in unit time.
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The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
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Carrier Lifetime Measurements in Semiconductors through the Microwave Photoconductivity Decay Method
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Proton Decay into Charged Leptons.

Thomas Hambye1, Julian Heeck1

  • 1Service de Physique Théorique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Boulevard du Triomphe, CP225, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.

Physical Review Letters
|May 15, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Proton and neutron decays into three leptons may dominate over other channels by conserving lepton-flavor symmetry. Observing these rare decays probes high energy scales and connects to B-meson anomalies.

Area of Science:

  • Particle Physics
  • High Energy Physics
  • Beyond Standard Model Physics

Background:

  • Proton and neutron decays are fundamental processes studied in particle physics.
  • Standard Model (SM) decays typically violate lepton-flavor symmetry.
  • Rare B-meson decays (b→sμμ) show anomalies potentially linked to new physics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate proton and neutron decays into three leptons.
  • To explore the implications of lepton-flavor conserving decays.
  • To connect these decays to high-energy physics probes and B-meson anomalies.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical analysis of effective operators for three-lepton final states.
  • Calculation of decay rates and branching ratios.

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  • Exploration of ultraviolet (UV) completions involving leptoquarks.

    • Main Results:

    • Certain three-lepton decay modes (e.g., p→e^{+}e^{+}μ^{-}, p→μ^{+}μ^{+}e^{-}) can be dominant by conserving lepton-flavor symmetry.
    • Observation of these decays probes energy scales around 100 TeV.
    • Leptoquark UV completions naturally explain B-meson anomalies and violate lepton-flavor universality.

    Conclusions:

    • Three-lepton decays offer a unique window into physics beyond the Standard Model.
    • These decays provide a complementary probe to collider physics and rare meson decays.
    • The study highlights a potential link between proton decay, high energy scales, and observed B-meson anomalies.