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Area of Science:

  • Quantum optics
  • Condensed matter physics
  • Circuit quantum electrodynamics

Background:

  • Understanding light-matter interactions is crucial in quantum technologies.
  • Ultrastrong coupling regimes present unique phenomena in quantum systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the scattering of individual photons by a two-level system.
  • To develop a model for predicting scattering line shapes in the ultrastrong coupling regime.

Main Methods:

  • Describing the scattering with an effective U(1)-symmetric Hamiltonian.
  • Validating the model with experimental data from superconducting circuits.

Main Results:

  • The scattering is predominantly elastic for a wide range of couplings.
  • The model accurately predicts scattering resonance line shapes up to α=0.3.
  • The model is relevant near the Toulouse point (α=1/2) where inelastic scattering emerges.

Conclusions:

  • A simple U(1)-symmetric Hamiltonian effectively describes ultrastrong light-matter coupling.
  • The findings are applicable to experiments with superconducting circuits.
  • The model can be extended to study multiphoton scattering phenomena.