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Related Concept Videos

Hydrolysis of ATP01:08

Hydrolysis of ATP

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The bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) can be broken through the addition of water, releasing one or two phosphate groups in an exergonic process called hydrolysis. This reaction liberates the energy in the bonds for use in the cell—for instance, to synthesize proteins from amino acids.
If one phosphate group is removed, a molecule of ADP—adenosine diphosphate—remains, along with inorganic phosphate. ADP can be further hydrolyzed to AMP—adenosine...
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Hydrolysis01:15

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Overview
Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction in which the addition of water breaks down a polymer into its simpler monomer units. For example, peptides break into amino acids, carbohydrates into simple sugars, and DNA into nucleotides. Enzymes often facilitate these processes.
Hydrolysis Reverses Dehydration Synthesis
Complex carbohydrates can be broken down by breaking the bonds between individual sugar units. The reaction breaks a glycosidic bond as water is added to the compound. The...
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Solvents01:12

Solvents

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A solvent is a substance, most often a liquid, that can dissolve other substances. Here, the substance being dissolved is called a solute. When a solvent and a solute combine, they form a solution - a homogenous mixture of both the solvent and the solute. Water is a universal biological solvent. Its polar structure allows it to dissolve many other polar compounds. The ability of water to dissolve is governed by a balance between water molecules binding to each other and binding to the solute.
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Most acid-base titrations are performed in an aqueous medium. In aqueous titrations, water competes with weaker acids or bases for proton donation or acceptance, leading to ambiguous endpoints in the titration curve. Water also affects the partial ionization of weak acids or bases. For example, water accepts a proton from acetic acid to form hydronium and acetate ions. The hydronium ion formed is a stronger acid than acetic acid, and the acetate ion is a stronger base than water. As a result,...
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Energy Basics

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Chemical reactions, such as those that occur when you light a match, involve changes in energy as well as matter.
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Nitriles (R–CN) can be converted into carboxylic acids (R–COOH) upon treatment with aqueous acids, i.e., upon hydrolysis of nitriles. Under base-catalyzed conditions, carboxylate anions (R–COO−) are formed.
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Preparation of Binary and Ternary Deep Eutectic Systems
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Pretreatment of wheat straw using basic ethanolamine-based deep eutectic solvents for improving enzymatic hydrolysis.

Zheng Zhao1, Xiaochun Chen1, Muhammad Furqan Ali1

  • 1Beijing Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Technology & College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.

Bioresource Technology
|May 15, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Strongly basic deep eutectic solvents (DESs) effectively pretreat wheat straw, removing lignin and enhancing cellulose and xylan conversion. Choline chloride: monoethanolamine (C:M) offers a cost-effective, mild pretreatment for industrial applications.

Keywords:
Basic ethanolamine-based deep eutectic solventsEnzymatic hydrolysisPretreatmentWheat straw

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Area of Science:

  • Biomass Pretreatment
  • Green Chemistry
  • Renewable Resources

Background:

  • Wheat straw is an abundant lignocellulosic biomass.
  • Efficient pretreatment is crucial for unlocking its potential.
  • Existing methods often involve harsh conditions or high costs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate ethanolamine-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) for wheat straw pretreatment.
  • To identify the most effective DES and optimize pretreatment conditions.
  • To evaluate the impact of DES pretreatment on enzymatic hydrolysis.

Main Methods:

  • Screening of various ethanolamine-based DESs.
  • Optimization of pretreatment parameters (temperature, time, solid-to-liquid ratio) using choline chloride: monoethanolamine (C:M).
  • Analysis of pretreated solid residue using XRD, SEM, and FT-IR.
  • Enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated biomass.

Main Results:

  • Choline chloride: monoethanolamine (C:M) demonstrated superior performance, removing 71.4% lignin and preserving 93.7% cellulose.
  • Optimized conditions (70°C, 9h, L/S ratio 20:1) significantly improved enzymatic hydrolysis, achieving 89.8% cellulose and 62.0% xylan conversion.
  • C:M offers advantages of low cost, simple preparation, mild conditions, and minimal polysaccharide loss compared to other solvents.
  • Structural analysis confirmed lignin removal and enhanced polysaccharide accessibility.

Conclusions:

  • Ethanolamine-based DESs, particularly C:M, are highly effective for wheat straw pretreatment.
  • This method offers a cost-efficient and environmentally friendly alternative for biomass valorization.
  • The developed pretreatment strategy shows significant promise for industrial-scale applications.