Seronegative antibody-mediated neurology after immune checkpoint inhibitors

Checkpoint inhibitor medications have revolutionized oncology practice, but frequently induce immune-related adverse events. During autoimmune neurology practice over 20 months, we prospectively identified four patients with likely antibody-mediated neurological diseases after checkpoint inhibitors: longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and myasthenia gravis. All patients shared three characteristics: symptoms commenced 4 weeks after drug administration, responses to conventional immunotherapies were excellent, and autoantibodies traditionally associated with their syndrome were absent. However, serum immunoglobulins from the myelitis and Guillain-Barré syndrome patients showed novel patterns of tissue reactivity. Vigilance is required for antibody-mediated neurology after checkpoint inhibitor administration. This phenomenon may inform the immunobiology of antibody-mediated diseases.