Non-opiate effects of neuropeptides derived from beta-endorphin

Brain enzymes convert the opioid peptide beta-endorphin (beta E-(1-31)) to alpha- and gamma-endorphin and to several non-opioid fragments by further cleavage of the tyrosine residue or acetylation. Several of these peptides selectively affect brain functions. alpha-Endorphin (beta E-(1-16)) and relate non-opioid fragments (beta E-(2-16), beta E-(2-9) a.o.) like amphetamine, delay extinction of pole-jumping avoidance behavior and facilitate passive avoidance behavior. In addition these peptides enhance the stereotyped sniffing response induced by the injection of apomorphine into the nucleus caudatus. The fragment beta E-(10-16) inhibits, like serotonin and antidepressants, the behavioral effects of melatonin injected into the nucleus accumbens. gamma-Endorphin (beta E-(1-17)) has inherent opioid and neuroleptic-like properties, e.g. demonstrated by a naloxone reversible inhibition of hypermotility induced by apomorphine following injection into the nucleus accumbens. Also the non-opioid gamma-type endorphins (e.g. DT gamma E (beta E-(2-17) and DE gamma E (beta E-(6-17)) mimic certain effects of neuroleptics. These peptides facilitate extinction of pole-jumping avoidance behavior, attenuate passive avoidance behavior and antagonize the hypomotility and stereotyped sniffing induced by apomorphine injected into the nucleus accumbens and pyriform cortex respectively. These and other behavioral studies, including grasping responses, brain stimulation reward, food and other positively rewarded behavior, indicate that the action of alpha-type endorphins is in some aspects comparable to that of psychostimulants, while the effects of gamma-type endorphins are comparable to those of classical as well as atypical neuroleptics. Indeed, gamma-type endorphins have antipsychotic effects in a category of schizophrenic patients.