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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Evaluating the Function of the Foot Core System in the Elderly
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Inter-segment foot motion in girls using a three-dimensional multi-segment foot model.

Woo Young Jang1, Dong Yeon Lee2, Hae Woon Jung3

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.

Gait & Posture
|May 16, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Children aged 11+ exhibit adult-like foot kinematics, while younger girls show distinct hindfoot motion patterns. This study characterizes normal dynamic foot kinematics in developing females.

Keywords:
AdolescentsChildrenFootKinematicsMulti-segment foot models (MFMs)

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Pediatric Orthopedics
  • Gait Analysis

Background:

  • Multi-segment foot models (MFMs) are used for dynamic foot kinematics.
  • Normal gait patterns in children and adolescents are not well-characterized.
  • This study aimed to define normal foot kinematics by age in healthy girls.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish normative dynamic foot kinematics in female children and adolescents.
  • To identify age-related differences in foot motion using a 3D model.
  • To compare pediatric foot kinematics to adult patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Fifty-eight healthy girls (7-17 years) and 50 adult females (20-35 years) were analyzed.
  • A 15-marker Foot 3D multi-segment foot model (MFM) was used.
  • Kinematic data from three strides across five trials were evaluated.

Main Results:

  • Girls aged 11+ showed greater hindfoot plantar flexion and larger sagittal range of motion.
  • Younger girls (<11 years) exhibited hindfoot pronation and increased transverse plane internal rotation.
  • Hallux valgus angles and foot progression angle showed age-related increases.

Conclusions:

  • Foot kinematics in girls aged 11+ resemble adult patterns.
  • Younger girls (<11 years) display distinct hindfoot motion characteristics.
  • Age-specific normative data for pediatric foot kinematics were established.