Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 10, 2026
Author Spotlight: Exploring the Role of Unfolded Protein Response in HIV-1 Replication and Infectivity
Published on: June 14, 2024
Serological surveillance for HIV-l infection in Bombay
H A Kamat1, D D Banker1, J J Rodrigues2
1Department of Pathology, Sir Hurkisondas Nurrotumdas Hospital, Padmashri Gordhanbapa Chowk, Bombay 400004, Maharashtra, India.
Background:
Screening of populations for the antibody to the human immunodeficiency virus has been recommended to be a practical method for assessing the prevalence of the infection and its potential for spread.
Methods:
Between 1987 and 1989 we carried out a serological survey for the detection of antibody to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1, using the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, to screen 2123 persons belonging to different high-risk groups from various parts of Bombay.
Results:
Eighty-four repeatedly positive samples were subjected to the Western blot test for confirmation and 58 were found to be positive-4 (0.6%) out of 670 in 1987, 9(1.2%) out of 740 in 1988 and 45 (6.3%) out of 713 in 1989.
Conclusion:
These data indicate that the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection has already spread in the cityof Bombay among the various high-risk groups and that its prevalence rose between 1987 and 1989.
Related Concept Videos
01:26Principles of Disease Surveillance
01:25Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes
Natural Killer Cells: The Fast Responders
NK cells are large granular lymphocytes found in the blood and lymphatic system. These...
02:15SN1 Reaction: Stereochemistry
In the first step of an SN1 reaction, the bond between the electrophilic carbon and the leaving group ionizes to generate the carbocation intermediate. The second step of the mechanism is the nucleophilic attack.
In the formed carbocation, the positively charged carbon is sp2 hybridized with a trigonal planar geometry. As all the three substituents lie on the same plane, a plane of symmetry for the...
02:05SN1 Reaction: Kinetics
However, Sir Christopher Ingold and Edward D. Hughes, who studied the kinetics of various nucleophilic substitution reactions, noticed that a tertiary alkyl halide does undergo a nucleophilic substitution reaction in the presence of a weak nucleophile. While studying the substitution...
02:25SN1 Reaction: Mechanism
Firstly, the haloalkane ionizes to generate a carbocation intermediate and a halide ion. This heterolytic cleavage is highly endothermic with large activation energy. The ionization of the substrate, facilitated by a...
02:42Acidity of 1-Alkynes
The acidic strength of hydrocarbons follows the order: Alkynes > Alkenes > Alkanes. The strength of an acid is commonly expressed in units of pKa — the lower the pKa, the stronger the acid. Among the hydrocarbons, terminal alkynes have lower pKa values and are, therefore, more acidic. For example, the pKa values for ethane, ethene, and acetylene are 51, 44, and 25, respectively, as shown here.