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Related Concept Videos

CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing01:28

CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing

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The CRISPR-Cas system serves as a bacterial defense mechanism against invading genetic elements such as viruses and plasmids, forming the foundation for its adaptation as a powerful genome-editing tool. Originally discovered in prokaryotes, this system has been repurposed to revolutionize genetic engineering across a wide range of organisms, including plants, animals, and humans. The core component, Cas9, is an endonuclease derived from Streptococcus pyogenes, capable of introducing...
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The Antiviral System of Bacteria and Archaea: CRISPR01:23

The Antiviral System of Bacteria and Archaea: CRISPR

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CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats is a adaptive immune system found in bacteria and archaea that protects against viral infections. This system enables prokaryotic cells to identify, remember, and neutralize foreign genetic elements, primarily bacteriophages, by storing fragments of the invader’s DNA as a genetic memory.The CRISPR immune response begins during an initial infection. Cas (CRISPR-associated) proteins play a central role in this...
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CRISPR and crRNAs02:53

CRISPR and crRNAs

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Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
The CRISPR-Cas system stores a copy of foreign DNA in the host genome and uses it to identify the foreign DNA upon reinfection. CRISPR-Cas has three different...
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CRISPR01:59

CRISPR

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Genome editing technologies allow scientists to modify an organism’s DNA via the addition, removal, or rearrangement of genetic material at specific genomic locations. These types of techniques could potentially be used to cure genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia. One popular and widely used DNA-editing research tool that could lead to safe and effective cures for genetic disorders is the CRISPR-Cas9 system. CRISPR-Cas9 stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced...
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Homologous Recombination02:31

Homologous Recombination

62.0K
The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
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Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation02:53

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

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Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
The recognition sites for Cre recombinase called LoxP...
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A New Toolkit for Evaluating Gene Functions using Conditional Cas9 Stabilization
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The CRISPR tool kit for genome editing and beyond.

Mazhar Adli1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, 1340 Jefferson Park Ave, Pinn Hall, Rm: 640, Charlottesville, VA, 22902, USA. adli@virginia.edu.

Nature Communications
|May 17, 2018
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CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing is revolutionizing biology, medicine, and agriculture. Its applications now extend beyond editing to gene regulation and imaging, showcasing its broad impact.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • CRISPR-Cas9, originally a bacterial immune system, has evolved into a powerful programmable gene-editing tool.
  • The Cas9 enzyme's programmable nature is driving innovation across medical research, biotechnology, and agriculture.

Observation:

  • Catalytically impaired CRISPR-Cas9 variants (inactive Cas9) demonstrate functionalities beyond traditional gene editing.
  • These advanced applications include precise gene regulation, epigenetic modification, chromatin engineering, and biological imaging.

Findings:

  • The scope of CRISPR-Cas9 applications now surpasses its original gene-editing capabilities.
  • Inactive Cas9 variants offer novel strategies for manipulating cellular processes and visualizing genomic elements.

Implications:

  • CRISPR technology holds transformative potential for developing new therapeutics and biotechnological solutions.
  • Future directions indicate continued expansion of CRISPR's role in fundamental research and applied sciences.