[Contribution of natural spaces to human health and wellbeing]

Natural spaces and especially urban green and blue spaces have been recognised for a long time as spaces with great potential for protecting and promoting human health and well-being. They may affect human physical, mental and social health and well-being in various ways. On one hand, this comes to pass through reduction and moderation of potential environmental health risks (e. g. noise, particulate matter, heat), psycho-physiological effects of nature experience, as well as physical effects of exposure to natural compounds and elements. On the other hand, natural spaces can affect health and well-being indirectly e. g. through motivation of health promoting behaviour (e. g. more physical activity) and through use as outdoor meeting spaces, by decreasing aggression, and through the resulting positive effects on social well-being. Yet, some potential adverse health effects of nature and landscapes have been reported, too (e. g. insecurity or fear in confusing or unmaintained natural spaces, potential rivalry in usage, allergies or skin irritations due to natural elements, risk of communicable diseases from vectors). Against the background of positive effects of natural spaces, creating, restoring and enhancing urban green and blue spaces are often claimed in terms of sustainable and integrated urban development. But which associations and impacts exist between natural spaces and health? What are the resulting demands when integrating natural spaces for a health-promoting implementation practice? This overview article provides some answers to these questions.