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Related Concept Videos

Proton (¹H) NMR: Chemical Shift01:07

Proton (¹H) NMR: Chemical Shift

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Organic molecules primarily contain carbon and hydrogen atoms. While all the hydrogen isotopes are NMR-active, protium or hydrogen-1 is the most abundant. It has a significant energy separation between its nuclear spin states due to its large gyromagnetic ratio. As per Boltzmann's distribution, an increase in the energy separation implies a greater excess population of nuclei available for excitation, resulting in a strong NMR absorption signal.
Absorption signals of all the protium nuclei...
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¹H NMR of Labile Protons: Temporal Resolution01:10

¹H NMR of Labile Protons: Temporal Resolution

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Protons bonded to heteroatoms such as nitrogen and oxygen exhibit a range of chemical shift values. This is due to the varying degree of hydrogen bonding between the proton and the heteroatom in other molecules. The extent of hydrogen bonding affects the electron density around the proton, thereby giving different chemical shift values for the protons in the proton NMR spectrum.
The –OH proton in alcohols typically appears in the range of δ 2 to 5 ppm but can vary depending on the specific...
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¹H NMR of Labile Protons: Deuterium (²H) Substitution00:48

¹H NMR of Labile Protons: Deuterium (²H) Substitution

1.4K
This lesson illustrates the role of deuterium substitution in simplifying the NMR spectrum of compounds comprising labile protons. One method employed is the use of deuterium. Amongst the three isotopes of hydrogen, deuterium (2H) has a nucleus composed of one proton and one neutron. When the D2O solvent is added to a pure dry ethanol solution, its labile proton is substituted with deuterium.
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Types of Genetic Transfer Between Organisms02:18

Types of Genetic Transfer Between Organisms

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Genetic transfer occurs when genetic information is passed from one organism to another. It occurs via two mechanisms: vertical gene transfer and horizontal gene transfer. Vertical gene transfer occurs when genetic information is transferred from one generation to the next, which happens much more frequently than horizontal gene transfer. Both sexual and asexual reproduction are forms of vertical gene transfer, where one or more organisms pass some or all of their genome onto their progeny.
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Transfer RNA Synthesis02:36

Transfer RNA Synthesis

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One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...
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¹H NMR Chemical Shift Equivalence: Homotopic and Heterotopic Protons01:03

¹H NMR Chemical Shift Equivalence: Homotopic and Heterotopic Protons

4.2K
Protons in identical electronic environments within a molecule are chemically equivalent and have the same chemical shift. The replacement test is a useful tool to identify chemical equivalence and predict NMR spectra. A substituent replaces each of the protons being examined and the resulting molecules are compared. If the same molecule is obtained, the protons are equivalent or homotopic. Replacement of any hydrogens in ethane by chlorine yields chloroethane because all six protons are...
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Fragmenting Bulk Hydrogels and Processing into Granular Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications
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Proton Transfer Hydrogels: Versatility and Applications.

JiHyeon Hwang1, Dong G Lee1, Hyunki Yeo1

  • 1Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Korea University , Seoul , 02841 , South Korea.

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|May 17, 2018
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This study presents a versatile thiol-epoxide polymerization for creating tunable hydrogels. These adaptable hydrogels offer biocompatibility and can be modified for antibacterial properties, showcasing their broad application potential.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Biomaterials Engineering

Background:

  • Hydrogels are crucial biomaterials with diverse applications.
  • Developing adaptable and tunable hydrogel synthesis methods is essential for advanced material design.
  • Existing methods may lack versatility in polymerization conditions, precursors, or post-synthesis modifications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate proton transfer polymerization of thiols and epoxides as a versatile hydrogel synthesis method.
  • To explore the tunability of hydrogel properties through precursor selection and polymerization conditions.
  • To investigate the potential for functionalization and the resulting material characteristics, including antibacterial properties.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized proton transfer polymerization between thiol and epoxide functional groups.
  • Explored various polymerization catalysts (organic/inorganic) and media (water, buffers, organic solvents).
  • Investigated different gelation triggers: ambient conditions, 37 °C, and light (photochemical).
  • Employed nanoimprint lithography for patterned film production.
  • Functionalized thio-ether groups post-gelation to create cationic structures.

Main Results:

  • Achieved adaptable hydrogel synthesis via thiol-epoxide polymerization under diverse conditions.
  • Demonstrated tunability of water uptake, mechanical, and biodegradation properties by selecting precursors and conditions.
  • Successfully produced freestanding patterned thick films using ambient and photochemical methods.
  • Created antibacterial hydrogels through post-gelation functionalization to sulfonium-based cationic structures.
  • Observed biocompatibility and non-adhesive properties in pristine gels, promoting cancer cell cluster formation.

Conclusions:

  • Proton transfer polymerization of thiols and epoxides is a highly adaptable and utilitarian method for hydrogel synthesis.
  • The method allows for precise control over hydrogel properties and the introduction of specific functionalities like antibacterial activity.
  • The resulting biocompatible and tunable hydrogels hold promise for various biomedical applications, including tissue engineering and drug delivery.