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Related Concept Videos

Line Loss01:10

Line Loss

545
The different configurations of source-load connections include wye (star) and delta connections. The relationship between line and phase voltages and currents varies depending on the configuration. When the source is supplying power, it is transmitted through the wires to the load, and during this transmission, some power is absorbed by the wires, leading to line loss.
Line loss impacts power delivery efficiency in a balanced three-phase circuit. The symmetry in such a circuit simplifies the...
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Reducing Line Loss01:18

Reducing Line Loss

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In a three-phase circuit, line loss is an indicator of energy dissipated as heat due to the resistance of transmission lines. To address this, incorporating transformers into the system—a step-up transformer at the source and a step-down transformer at the load—is a strategic solution. Two three-phase transformers are introduced to improve this.
With a step-up transformer at the source, the voltage is increased, thereby reducing the current in the transmission lines since power loss in...
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System of Memory01:23

System of Memory

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Memory is categorized into three major systems: sensory memory, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM). These systems differ in their capacity and the duration for which they can hold information. Sensory memory captures raw sensory input from the environment, holding it for just a few seconds or less. For example, on hearing a brief, loud sound, like a car horn honking, the sound seems to linger in the mind for a moment even after it stops. This is an instance of sensory memory...
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Working Memory01:24

Working Memory

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Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow an individual to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. It is an essential cognitive function that enables the execution of complex tasks such as problem-solving, comprehension, and reasoning. Unlike short-term memory, which simply involves the storage of information for a brief period, working memory involves the active manipulation and processing of this...
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Major Losses in Pipes01:28

Major Losses in Pipes

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When a fluid flows through a pipe, it experiences energy losses due to frictional resistance along the pipe walls, known as major losses. These energy losses result in a pressure drop, which varies based on the flow conditions — whether laminar or turbulent — and the specific physical properties of the fluid and pipe.
Fluid flow can be classified as laminar or turbulent, primarily based on the Reynolds number. This dimensionless number reflects the relative influence of inertial to viscous...
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Minor Losses in Pipes01:25

Minor Losses in Pipes

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In pipe systems, minor losses refer to energy losses arising from components such as valves, bends, fittings, expansions, and other features that disrupt the steady flow of fluid. These disturbances cause energy dissipation through turbulence and resistance, which engineers quantify to manage system efficiency effectively.
Valves play a significant role in generating minor losses by obstructing or redirecting the fluid flow. When a valve is closed or partially closed, it restricts the flow...
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Working Memory Training for Older Participants: A Control Group Training Regimen and Initial Intellectual Functioning Assessment
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Trained Microglia Trigger Memory Loss.

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  • 1Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.

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Innate immune training allows immune cells to remember inflammation. Peripheral inflammation can persistently alter microglia function, impacting later-life neuropathology.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Cellular immunology
  • Inflammation research

Background:

  • Innate immune training is a newly identified mechanism.
  • Innate cells can retain memory of prior inflammatory events.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the long-term effects of peripheral inflammation on microglia.
  • To understand how inflammation influences neuropathology.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized mouse models to study microglia function.
  • Induced peripheral inflammation and assessed long-term cellular changes.

Main Results:

  • Peripheral inflammation can lead to lasting alterations in microglia function.
  • These microglia changes are linked to neuropathology development later in life.

Conclusions:

  • Peripheral inflammation has enduring consequences on innate immune cells, specifically microglia.
  • This highlights a potential mechanism linking early-life inflammation to later neurological disorders.