Application of stem cells in dentistry for bone regeneration

Stem cells constitute a non-specialised cell pool able for proliferation, self-renewal and differentiation into progeny constantly replacing used up tissue and/or organ fragments. They have been observed to be present in many tissue reservoirs, including stomatognathic system. Oral cavity seems to be a particularly attractive stem cells' source as these cells are richly present and easily accessible in dental and periodontal tissues and they can be used for therapeutic purposes. Their application is also morally and ethically non-controversial. Bone tissue structure restoration together with restoring its weight-bearing and nutritive function depend on the proper function of stem cells supported with other techniques including tissue engineering. Traditionally, bone regeneration means bone restoration supported by newly formed bones supplied by stem cells of tissue reservoir. It may be also indispensable to create a scaffold which may support the bone formation facilitating the transportation of cells and cell stimulating molecules involving both the matrix and bone-forming cells. The regenerative potential of stem cells present in oral cavity can be used, for instance, to restore maxillary and mandibular bones. The bones support natural teeth or prostheses and regress as soon as at least the one tooth is lost or extracted. Bone mass loss makes it difficult to conduct effective dental treatment and reduces the chances of obtaining positive, long-lasting therapeutic effects. It seems that modern and innovative therapies based on stem cells application may bring spectacular effects especially in patients in whom routine medical activities did not lead to satisfactory results.