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The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Detecting the Lyme Disease Spirochete, Borrelia Burgdorferi, in Ticks Using Nested PCR
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Laboratory diagnostics for Lyme disease.

L R Lindsay1, K Bernat1, A Dibernardo1

  • 1National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba.

Canada Communicable Disease Report = Releve Des Maladies Transmissibles Au Canada
|May 18, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Lyme disease diagnosis in Canada relies on a two-tiered serological approach, using enzyme immunoassay (EIA) followed by Western blot (WB) testing for disseminated cases. Future efforts will focus on standardizing and improving these Lyme disease diagnostic tests.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Diagnostics
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Lyme disease incidence is increasing in Canada.
  • It is a notifiable disease requiring accurate diagnosis.
  • Serological testing is crucial for confirming disseminated infections.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline current Lyme disease diagnostic tests.
  • To review recommended laboratory testing strategies.
  • To identify future research needs for Lyme disease diagnostics in Canada.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review was conducted.
  • Parameters for Lyme disease testing were summarized.
  • A two-tiered diagnostic algorithm for disseminated Lyme disease was described.
  • Supplemental diagnostic tests were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Diagnostic testing is recommended for individuals with disseminated Lyme disease symptoms and tick exposure.
  • A two-tiered serological approach (EIA followed by WB) is advised for optimal sensitivity and specificity.
  • Many other diagnostic tests are primarily for research.

Conclusions:

  • Two-tiered serology is the current best method for diagnosing disseminated Lyme disease.
  • The Public Health Agency of Canada aims to standardize diagnostics, evaluate platforms, and develop serum panels for improved Lyme disease testing.