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In 1928, bacteriologist Frederick Griffith worked on a vaccine for pneumonia, which is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria. Griffith studied two pneumonia strains in mice: one pathogenic and one non-pathogenic. Only the pathogenic strain killed host mice.
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Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria use a single RNA Polymerase (RNAP) to transcribe all genes. The different subunits of bacterial RNAPhave distinct functions. The multisubunit structure of the bacterial RNAP helps the enzyme to maintain catalytic function, facilitate assembly, interact with DNA and RNA, and self-regulate its activity.
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Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

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Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
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Invasive Bacterial Diseases in Northern Canada, 2006-2013.

Y A Li1, I Martin2, R Tsang2

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Canada Communicable Disease Report = Releve Des Maladies Transmissibles Au Canada
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Summary

Northern Canada faces high risks of invasive bacterial diseases (IBDs), including invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and invasive Group A streptococcal disease (iGAS). Invasive Haemophilus influenzae type a (Hia) is the predominant serotype, particularly in young children.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Northern populations are disproportionately affected by invasive bacterial diseases (IBDs).
  • Vaccine introductions into routine childhood immunization schedules may impact IBD epidemiology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the epidemiology of five key IBDs in Northern Canada between 2006 and 2013.
  • To assess trends and identify high-risk populations for IBDs in the region.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from the International Circumpolar Surveillance (ICS) program and Canadian Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System.
  • Calculated incidence rates per 100,000 population per year for invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), invasive *Haemophilus influenzae* disease (Hi), invasive Group A streptococcal disease (iGAS), invasive meningococcal disease (IMD), and invasive Group B streptococcal disease (GBS).

Main Results:

  • Incidence rates for IPD, iGAS, and Hi (non-b and type a) were significantly higher in Northern Canada compared to the rest of the country.
  • Rates of IPD and iGAS decreased, while Hia rates increased during the study period.
  • Hia was the predominant serotype, primarily affecting children under five years old. Serogroup B was most common among IMD cases.

Conclusions:

  • First Nations and Inuit infants and seniors in Northern Canada remain at high risk for IPD, Hi, and iGAS.
  • Hia is identified as the leading serotype causing invasive disease in this population.
  • Ongoing surveillance is crucial to monitor IBD trends and inform public health interventions.