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Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Predicting Treatment Response to Image-Guided Therapies Using Machine Learning: An Example for Trans-Arterial Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
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Predicting Treatment Response to Image-Guided Therapies Using Machine Learning: An Example for Trans-Arterial Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

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Targeted therapy or immunotherapy? Optimal treatment in hepatocellular carcinoma

Merly Contratto1, Jennifer Wu1

  • 1Division of Hematology and Oncology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States.

World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology
|May 18, 2018
PubMed

Insights

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatments are limited, with only sorafenib approved for first-line use. This review examines current and potential first- and second-line systemic therapies and biomarkers for HCC patients.

Area of Science:

  • Hepatobiliary cancers
  • Medical oncology
  • Clinical research

Background:

  • Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major global cause of cancer death.
  • Current first-line systemic treatment for HCC is limited to sorafenib.
  • Second-line options after sorafenib progression include regorafenib and nivolumab.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review all potential first- and second-line systemic treatment options for HCC.
  • To explore treatment sequencing strategies in HCC management.
  • To examine biomarkers that may predict treatment efficacy, including for immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of clinical trials in HCC.
  • Analysis of published manuscripts and abstracts from 1994-2018.
  • Synthesis of data on systemic therapies and predictive biomarkers.

Main Results:

  • Limited FDA-approved first- and second-line treatments currently exist for HCC.
  • Various clinical trials have investigated alternative and emerging therapies.
  • Biomarker research is ongoing to personalize HCC treatment selection.

Conclusions:

  • There is a critical need for expanded first- and second-line treatment options for HCC.
  • Understanding treatment sequencing and identifying predictive biomarkers are crucial for improving patient outcomes.
  • Further research and clinical trials are essential to advance HCC therapy.
Keywords:
Alpha-fetoproteinBiomarkerCabozantinibHepatocellular carcinoma treatmentsImmunotherapyInterferon-gammaLenvatinibNeoantigenNivolumabPembrolizumabRamucirumabRegorafenibSequencing treatmentSorafenibTumor mutational burden

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