Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Generation of Electronic Cigarette Aerosol by a Third-Generation Machine-Vaping Device: Application to Toxicological Studies
Published on: August 25, 2018
Personality and its relation to the use of alcohol and cigarettes during pregnancy: A multinational study
Angela Lupattelli1, Elke Ronningen2, Stine Kleppe Krogsrud1,2
1Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety Research Group, School of Pharmacy, & PharmaTox Strategic Research Initiative, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway.
Abstract:
This study explored the impact of women's personality on drinking and smoking habits before and during pregnancy, using a multinational perspective. Data on maternal personality traits, background information, and alcohol and cigarette smoking before and during pregnancy were collected from 9187 women from more than 18 countries. High conscientiousness and agreeableness resulted as protective factors against alcohol consumption during pregnancy; trait-specific associations were apparent on individual region level. Highly extrovert women were more likely to consume medium/high amount of alcohol (10%-17% increased odds). High neuroticism conferred a 16 percent increased odds for continued smoking during pregnancy. Personality and nationality are important factors for adequate pre- and postnatal health care.
Related Concept Videos
Bioavailability Study Design: Absolute Versus Relative Bioavailability
Oxidation of Alcohols
The process of oxidation in a chemical reaction is observed in any of the three forms:
Relative Risk
Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis
Ethers can be prepared from organic compounds by various methods. Some of them are discussed below,
Preparation of Ethers by Alcohol Dehydration
In this method, in the presence of protic acids, alcohol dehydrates to produce alkenes and ethers under different conditions. For example, in the presence of sulphuric acid, dehydration of ethanol at 413 K yields ethoxyethane, whereas it yields ethene at 443 K.
Protection of Alcohols
Protection
It defines a protecting group as the masking agent to make the more reactive species inert to a given set of conditions. This concept is depicted via the illustration of liquid flow through different outlets in an assembly of pipes. The analogy helps to understand the role...
Personal Identity

