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Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Real-Time fMRI Brain Mapping in Animals
Published on: September 24, 2020
Usefulness of real-time three-dimensional ultrasonography in percutaneous nephrostomy: an animal study
Hong Hongzhang1, Qin Xiaojuan2, Zhang Shengwei1
1Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
Objectives:
To evaluate the effect of real-time three-dimensional (3D) ultrasonography (US) in guiding percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN).
Materials And Methods:
A hydronephrosis model was devised in which the ureters of 16 beagles were obstructed. The beagles were divided equally into groups 1 and 2. In group 1, the PCN was performed using real-time 3D US guidance, while in group 2 the PCN was guided using two-dimensional (2D) US. Visualization of the needle tract, length of puncture time and number of puncture times were recorded for the two groups.
Results:
In group 1, score for visualization of the needle tract, length of puncture time and number of puncture times were 3, 7.3 ± 3.1 s and one time, respectively. In group 2, the respective results were 1.4 ± 0.5, 21.4 ± 5.8 s and 2.1 ± 0.6 times. The visualization of needle tract in group 1 was superior to that in group 2, and length of puncture time and number of puncture times were both lower in group 1 than in group 2.
Conclusions:
Real-time 3D US-guided PCN is superior to 2D US-guided PCN in terms of visualization of needle tract and the targeted pelvicalyceal system, leading to quick puncture. Real-time 3D US-guided puncture of the kidney holds great promise for clinical implementation in PCN.
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