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Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Murine Drinking Models in the Development of Pharmacotherapies for Alcoholism: Drinking in the Dark and Two-bottle Choice
Published on: January 7, 2019
Some bottled water may be salubrious
1Professor Emeritus of Internal Medicine, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1301 North Columbia Rd., Grand Forks, ND, USA.
Abstract:
Hard drinking water seems protective against cardiovascular disease compared to soft water. Published data on calcium and magnesium in bottled water products were evaluated to determine water hardness. Data on water chemistry of thirty-three products were obtained from the internet and hardness, as calcium carbonate, was calculated. Approximately two thirds of the products were soft according to criteria of the US Geological Survey; only one fifth were very hard. Beer and wine also were found to be very hard. Consumers and suppliers should avoid soft water. Some beneficial, cardiovascular effects of beer and wine may be the result of hard water.
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