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Related Concept Videos

Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Ionic Radii03:10

Ionic Radii

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Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...
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Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

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Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
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Solubility of Ionic Compounds02:55

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

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Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.
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Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

17.5K
Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Preparation of Chitosan-based Injectable Hydrogels and Its Application in 3D Cell Culture
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Chitosan derivative-based self-healable hydrogels with enhanced mechanical properties by high-density dynamic ionic

Ningxiao Yuan1, Lu Xu1, Bo Xu1

  • 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China.

Carbohydrate Polymers
|May 19, 2018
PubMed
Summary

New chitosan derivative hydrogels demonstrate remarkable self-healing and mechanical strength. These advanced materials, synthesized using acrylic acid (AAc) and 2-hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan (HACC), show potential for supercapacitor applications.

Keywords:
High toughnessHigh-density dynamic ionic interactionsHydrogelsIonic conductiveSelf-healing

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Biomaterials

Background:

  • Hydrogels are versatile polymeric networks with significant applications.
  • Developing self-healable and mechanically robust hydrogels remains a key challenge.
  • Chitosan derivatives offer tunable properties for advanced material design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize novel self-healable hydrogels based on a chitosan derivative.
  • To investigate the mechanical properties, self-healing capabilities, and potential applications of these hydrogels.
  • To explore the structure-property relationships governing the observed performance.

Main Methods:

  • Polymerization of acrylic acid (AAc) within a 2-hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan (HACC) solution.
  • Mechanical testing including tensile fracture stress and Young's modulus measurements.
  • Compression tests, self-healing efficiency evaluation, and ionic conductivity measurements.

Main Results:

  • The synthesized PAAc/HACC hydrogels exhibited high tensile fracture stress (3.31 MPa) and Young's modulus (2.53 MPa).
  • Exceptional mechanical stability was observed, withstanding 30 compression cycles and high strain (60 MPa at 99% strain).
  • Efficient self-healing (up to 61%) was achieved in NaCl solution, alongside high ionic conductivity suitable for supercapacitors.

Conclusions:

  • The PAAc/HACC hydrogels possess enhanced mechanical properties and self-healing capabilities.
  • The high-density dynamic ionic interactions within the hydrogel structure are responsible for their superior performance.
  • These novel hydrogels show promise as electrolytes for supercapacitors and in other advanced applications.