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Tongue

Tongue

The human tongue is a fascinating and complex organ, responsible for various essential functions such as swallowing, speech, and taste. It is also subject to various conditions and diseases. In this article, we delve into the anatomy of the tongue, its roles, and some common conditions that can affect it.
Anatomical Position in the Oral Cavity
The tongue is located within the oral cavity, also known as the mouth. It is attached to the floor of the mouth by a fold of mucous membrane called the...

Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon

Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon

The tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon is a cognitive experience characterized by a temporary inability to retrieve specific information from memory despite having a strong feeling of knowing the information. Although individuals cannot access the target word or detail, they frequently recall related elements, such as its initial letter, syllable count, or context. This partial retrieval often causes frustration, as one might recognize a familiar face or know that a name starts with a specific...

The Tongue and Taste Buds

The Tongue and Taste Buds

The surface of the tongue is covered with various small bumps called papillae, which either distribute what has been ingested (filiform papillae) or contain the sensory taste (or gustatory) receptor cells (fungiform, circumvallate, and foliate papillae). Embedded within each taste-related papilla are the taste buds—clusters of 30 to 100 gustatory receptor cells.

Gustation

Gustation

Gustation is a chemical sense that, along with olfaction (smell), contributes to our perception of taste. It starts with the activation of receptors by chemical compounds (tastants) dissolved in the saliva. The saliva and filiform papillae on the tongue distribute the tastants and increase their exposure to the taste receptors.

Lipid Digestion

Lipid Digestion

Lipids are large molecules that are generally not water-soluble. Since most of the digestive enzymes in the human body are water-based, there are specific steps the body must take to break down lipids and make them available for use.

What is Monogastric Digestion?

What is Monogastric Digestion?

The human body contains a monogastric digestive system. In a monogastric digestive system, the stomach only contains one chamber in which it digests food. Several other animal species also have monogastric digestive systems, including pigs, horses, dogs, and birds. This chapter, however, focuses on the human digestive system.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 10, 2026

3D Printing - Evaluating Particle Emissions of a 3D Printing Pen

3D Printing - Evaluating Particle Emissions of a 3D Printing Pen

Published on: October 9, 2020

3D Printed e-Tongue.

Gabriel Gaál¹, Tatiana A da Silva¹, Vladimir Gaál¹

¹Applied Physics Department, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.

Frontiers in Chemistry

|May 19, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed 3D printed electrodes for electronic sensors using graphene-based filaments. This cost-effective method enabled rapid prototyping of an electronic tongue for successful soil nutrient analysis.

Keywords:

3D printing conductive 3D printing filament electronic tongue interdigitated electrodes precision agriculture soil analysis soil spectroscopy

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Published on: March 13, 2017

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Sensor Technology
Additive Manufacturing

Background:

Traditional electrode fabrication is costly and complex.
Printed electronics offer a simpler, faster alternative for electrode deposition.
Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D printing enables cost-effective fabrication of complex structures and rapid prototyping.

Purpose of the Study:

To fabricate interdigitated electrodes using FDM 3D printing with graphene-based filaments.
To develop a 3D printed electronic tongue (e-tongue) setup for sensor applications.
To demonstrate the e-tongue's capability in soil analysis for precision agriculture.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of macro interdigitated electrodes using a CoreXY 3D printer with transparent and graphene-based PLA filaments.
Functionalization of electrodes with nanostructured thin films using dip-coating Layer-by-Layer (LbL) technique.
Development of a 3D printed e-tongue and its application in soil nutrient analysis using electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA).

Main Results:

Successfully fabricated reproducible, macro 3D printed electrodes in under 6 minutes.
Developed a functional 3D printed e-tongue sensor setup.
The e-tongue sensor effectively distinguished between soil samples enriched with various macro-nutrients (N, P, K, S, Mg, Ca) using EIS and PCA, despite complex soil composition.

Conclusions:

FDM 3D printing provides a simple, flexible, and cost-effective method for fabricating electronic sensor electrodes.
The developed 3D printed e-tongue shows significant promise for practical applications in soil analysis and precision agriculture.
This approach encourages further development of 3D printed sensory tools for various fields.