Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Author Spotlight: Functional Site-Directed Fluorometry in Native Cells to Study Skeletal Muscle Excitability
Published on: June 2, 2023
Sequential and direct ionic excitation in the strong-field ionization of 1-butene molecules
Felix Schell1, Andrey E Boguslavskiy, Claus Peter Schulz
1Max-Born-Institut, Max-Born-Strasse 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany. jochen.mikosch@mbi-berlin.de.
Abstract:
We study the Strong-Field Ionization (SFI) of the hydrocarbon 1-butene as a function of wavelength using photoion-photoelectron covariance and coincidence spectroscopy. We observe a striking transition in the fragment-associated photoelectron spectra: from a single Above Threshold Ionization (ATI) progression for photon energies less than the cation D0-D1 gap to two ATI progressions for a photon energy greater than this gap. For the first case, electronically excited cations are created by SFI populating the ground cationic state D0, followed by sequential post-ionization excitation. For the second case, direct sub-cycle SFI to the D1 excited cation state contributes significantly. Our experiments access ionization dynamics in a regime where strong-field and resonance-enhanced processes can interplay.
More Related Videos
Related Concept Videos
Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer
Molecular and Ionic Solids
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
Ionic Radii
Strong Acid and Base Solutions
Ionization Energy
Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature

