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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...
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Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
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[Thyroid and pregnancy].

K A Iwen1,2, H Lehnert3

  • 1Universitäres MVZ Lübeck, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Königstr. 101-105, 23552, Lübeck, Deutschland. alexander.iwen@uksh.de.

Der Internist
|May 19, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid health is crucial for maternal and fetal well-being during pregnancy. This review covers diagnosing and treating thyroid disorders before, during, and after pregnancy for optimal outcomes.

Keywords:
FertilityHyperthyroidismHypothyroidismIodide dietary supplementsPostpartum thyroiditis

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Maternal-Fetal Medicine

Background:

  • Thyroid hormones significantly impact embryonal/fetal development and maternal health.
  • Pregnancy involves physiological changes altering thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) reference intervals.
  • Prompt diagnosis and treatment of thyroid disorders are essential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize key diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for thyroid disorders in pregnancy.
  • To address thyroid management preconceptionally, during pregnancy, and postpartum.
  • To highlight the importance of thyroid function for fertility and pregnancy success.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on thyroid disorders and pregnancy.
  • Synthesis of diagnostic criteria and treatment guidelines.
  • Discussion of trimester-specific TSH thresholds.

Main Results:

  • Preconception: Iodide supplementation, metabolic assessment, and impact of thyroid dysfunction on fertility.
  • Pregnancy: Effects of hypothyroxinemia, hypothyroidism, and hyperthyroidism on fetal development and treatment implications.
  • Postpartum: Management during breastfeeding and postpartum thyroiditis.

Conclusions:

  • Optimal thyroid function is vital for successful conception and healthy pregnancy outcomes.
  • Accurate, trimester-specific TSH monitoring and timely intervention are critical.
  • Comprehensive management extends through the postpartum period, including breastfeeding and addressing thyroiditis.