Pharmacogenetic associations with cytochrome P450 in antiretroviral therapy: what does the future hold?
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Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Activation of Apoptosis by Cytoplasmic Microinjection of Cytochrome c
Published on: June 29, 2011
Gabriel Stillemans1,2, Leila Belkhir2,3, Dennis A Hesselink4
1a Integrated Pharmacometrics, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacokinetics , Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain , Brussels , Belgium.
Introduction:
Several antiretroviral drugs used to treat infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are substrates of enzymes belonging to the cytochrome P450 (CYP) superfamily, which are polymorphically expressed. It may therefore be useful to take into account the genetic variation in these enzymes to predict the likelihood of anti-HIV treatment success, toxicity and the potential for drug-drug interactions. Areas covered: In this manuscript, the authors discuss the current state of knowledge regarding pharmacogenetic associations between CYP and all major antiretrovirals, as well as the importance of these associations. Expert opinion: While many pharmacogenetic associations for CYP have been described in the literature, replication studies are sometimes lacking. The implementation of this knowledge in clinical practice also remains difficult. Further efforts are required both to expand this field of knowledge and to enable its use in everyday clinical practice.
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