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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Membrane Proteins01:16

Introduction to Membrane Proteins

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The cell membrane, or plasma membrane, is an ever-changing landscape. It is described as a fluid mosaic where various macromolecules are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer. Among the macromolecules are proteins. The protein content varies across cell types. For example, mitochondrial inner membranes contain ~76% protein content, while myelin contains ~18% protein content. Individual cells contain many types of membrane proteins—red blood cells contain over 50—and different cell...
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Membrane Proteins01:30

Membrane Proteins

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Plasma membranes have integral transmembrane proteins involved in facilitated transport. These proteins are collectively referred to as transport proteins, and they function as either channels for the material or as carriers themselves. Channel proteins have hydrophilic domains exposed to the intracellular and extracellular fluids and a hydrophilic channel through their core that provides a hydrated opening for solutes to pass through the membrane layers. Passage through the channel allows...
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Protein Diffusion in the Membrane01:24

Protein Diffusion in the Membrane

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Proteins show rotational as well as lateral diffusion across the membrane. The lateral diffusion of proteins was confirmed through the cell fusion experiment where mouse and human cells were fused, resulting in hybrid cells. When the human and mouse cells fused, the specific membrane proteins on human and mouse cells were marked with the red and green-fluorescent markers, respectively. Initially, the red and green fluorescence was located on the respective hemisphere of the cell. As time...
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Restriction Enzymes01:11

Restriction Enzymes

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Restriction enzymes are bacterial enzymes used to cut DNA in a sequence-specific manner. To cleave DNA, they bind to specific palindromic sequences called restriction sites. Such palindromic DNA sequences or inverted repeats are commonly found in regions of functional significance, such as the origin of replication, gene operator sites, and regions containing transcription termination signals.
The host bacteria protect their own genomic DNA from these enzymes by methylating these sites. Some...
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Detergent Purification of Membrane Proteins01:18

Detergent Purification of Membrane Proteins

6.5K
Detergents are used to purify the integral proteins of the membrane. The hydrophobic portion of the detergent can replace membrane phospholipids while solubilizing the membrane proteins. When detergent monomers reach a specific concentration in a solution called critical micelle concentration (CMC), they form micelles. Above CMC, the concentration of the detergent monomers remains in equilibrium with the micelle. The number of detergent monomers present in the CMC varies for each detergent, and...
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GPI Anchoring of Proteins in the ER Membrane01:29

GPI Anchoring of Proteins in the ER Membrane

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GPI-anchoring is a post-translational, reversible protein modification that is ubiquitous in eukaryotes. Such proteins are primarily present on the exoplasmic leaflet of the plasma membrane.
GPI-anchor structure
A sequence of 11 enzymatic reactions results in the synthesis of the complete GPI anchor consisting of a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic portion. The hydrophobic portion comprises phosphatidylinositol, while the hydrophilic part comprises polar groups like phosphoethanolamine,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Green Fluorescent Protein-based Expression Screening of Membrane Proteins in Escherichia coli
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Membrane proteins significantly restrict exosome mobility.

Mikhail Skliar1, Vasiliy S Chernyshev2, David M Belnap3

  • 1Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, 50 S. Central Campus Dr, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA; The Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, 36 S. Wasatch Dr, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.

Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
|May 20, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Exosomes (small vesicles) move slower than expected due to membrane proteins impeding their migration. This finding impacts understanding of cell signaling and exosome transport in biological systems.

Keywords:
Exosomes and extracellular vesiclesMembrane proteinsProteolysisVesicle trafficking

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Cell Biology
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Exosomes are crucial for intercellular communication, transferring molecular cargo.
  • Their small size is thought to facilitate rapid movement through biological environments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the actual mobility of exosomes.
  • To identify factors contributing to reduced exosome migration.
  • To quantify the impact of these factors on exosome mobility.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized biophysical techniques to measure exosome velocity.
  • Analyzed the role of surface membrane proteins in exosome movement.
  • Developed a method to quantify hydrodynamic resistance.

Main Results:

  • Exosome mobility is significantly lower than predicted by vesicle size alone.
  • Surface membrane proteins introduce considerable hydrodynamic resistance, hindering migration.
  • Exosome movement is heterogeneous and dependent on the surrounding microenvironment.

Conclusions:

  • Exosome migration is impeded by surface proteins, challenging previous assumptions.
  • This hindrance affects the efficiency and specificity of exosome-mediated signaling.
  • Quantifying this resistance is key to understanding exosome transport dynamics.