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Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Direct Drug Delivery to Kidney via the Renal Artery
Published on: April 17, 2021
ConfidenHT™ System for Diagnostic Mapping of Renal Nerves
Costas Tsioufis1, Kyriakos Dimitriadis2, Panagiotis Tsioufis2
1First Cardiology Clinic, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, 108 Vas. Sofias Ave, 11527, Athens, Greece. ktsioufis@hippocratio.gr.
Purpose Of Review:
To summarize the evidence regarding the distribution of renal nerves and their patterns of anatomic variations in animal and human settings. Moreover, the methodology and results of studies regarding renal nerve stimulation (RNS) in both preclinical and clinical models are presented.
Recent Findings:
There are differences regarding the number and the size of renal fibers, as well as their distance from the lumen in the diverse parts of the main renal arteries and the branches. In both animals and humans, RNS is safe and results in an increase of blood pressure (BP) while the effect on heart rate varies. In this context, the ConfidenHT™ system constitutes an integrated solution for effective RNS in humans. Due to the diversity of renal nerve anatomy in humans, arterial areas for more effective renal denervation cannot be homogenously defined. The concept of mapping of renal nerves can improve completeness of renal denervation therapies by means of integrated RNS solutions such as the ConfidenHT™ system.
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