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Related Concept Videos

Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm01:19

Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm

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The normal cardiac rhythm is a synchronized electrical activity that facilitates the regular and coordinated contraction of the heart muscle. This process is essential for efficient blood circulation throughout the body. The fundamental elements involved in establishing and maintaining this rhythm include the unique electrical properties of cardiac muscle cells, the sinoatrial (SA) node's pacemaker function, the specialized conducting system, and the ionic mechanisms underlying each phase...
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Cardiac Catheterization IV: Nursing Management01:26

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Nursing responsibilities before cardiac catheterization include:Assess for allergies and establish baseline health status.Before cardiac catheterization, assess the patient for allergies to contrast dye. Perform a comprehensive baseline assessment, including vital signs, heart and breath sounds, and a neurovascular assessment of the extremities, noting distal pulses, skin color, and temperature. Instruct the patient to fast for 8-12 hours before the procedure. Evaluate baseline laboratory...
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Pulse rhythm01:30

Pulse rhythm

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Pulse rhythm refers to the pattern of pulsations within specific intervals, offering valuable insights into the regularity or irregularity of the heart's beats as observed through the pattern of pulsation within specific intervals. A regular pulse exhibits a consistent heart rate with uniform waveforms and pulsation force, variations of which can be classified as normal, weak, or bounding.
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ECG Interpretation of Rhythms01:24

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An electrocardiogram (ECG)graphically represents the heart's electrical activity on ECG paper or a monitor.
Components of the Electrocardiogram
The primary components of a normal ECG waveform in Normal sinus rhythm(NSR) include the P wave, PR interval, QRS complex, ST segment, T wave, and occasionally a U wave.
ECG waveforms are divided by vertical and horizontal lines at standard intervals.
The horizontal axis measures time and rate, and the vertical axis measures amplitude or voltage....
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Disturbances in Heart Rhythm01:29

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Arrhythmia or dysrhythmia refers to an abnormal heart rhythm caused by a defect in the heart's conduction system. It can cause the heart to beat irregularly, too quickly, or too slowly, leading to symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, and fainting. Factors such as stress, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, certain drugs, congenital defects, diseases, and electrolyte abnormalities can trigger arrhythmias.
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Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation02:19

Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation

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The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Advanced Cardiac Rhythm Management by Applying Optogenetic Multi-Site Photostimulation in Murine Hearts
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Cardiac rhythm management devices

Irene Stevenson1, Alex Voskoboinik2

  • 1MBBS, FRACP, Consultant Cardiologist and Heart Rhythm Specialist, Royal Melbourne Hospital and Eastern Health, Melbourne, Vic. Irene.Stevenson@mh.org.au.

Australian Journal of General Practice
|May 21, 2018
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Summary

General practitioners increasingly manage patients with cardiac rhythm management devices like pacemakers and defibrillators. This overview covers device functions, care, complications, and lifestyle advice for patients.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Cardiac rhythm management (CRM) devices have evolved significantly over the past decade.
  • Devices include pacemakers, cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT), implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs), and loop recorders.
  • General practitioners (GPs) play a growing role in managing patients with these implanted devices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of various CRM devices.
  • To detail their functions, implantation procedures, and post-procedural care.
  • To offer practical guidance on lifestyle aspects and electromagnetic interference precautions for patients.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of current knowledge on CRM devices.
  • Compilation of information on device roles, implantation, complications, and follow-up.
  • Inclusion of patient-centric advice on daily living activities and safety.

Main Results:

  • CRM devices manage conditions like bradycardia, arrhythmias, heart failure, and tachyarrhythmias.
  • Patients can lead active lives post-implantation, with awareness of potential complications and electromagnetic interference.
  • Future innovations focus on leadless and modular CRM device designs.

Conclusions:

  • CRM devices are integral to modern cardiac care, requiring informed patient and GP management.
  • Understanding device functions and precautions enables patients to maintain a good quality of life.
  • Technological advancements promise more integrated and less invasive future CRM solutions.