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Electron Transport Chains01:28

Electron Transport Chains

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The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
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The Electron Transport Chain01:30

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The electron transport chain or oxidative phosphorylation is an exothermic process in which free energy released during electron transfer reactions is coupled to ATP synthesis. This process is a significant source of energy in aerobic cells, and therefore inhibitors of the electron transport chain can be detrimental to the cell's metabolic processes.
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The Z-Scheme of Electron Transport in Photosynthesis01:34

The Z-Scheme of Electron Transport in Photosynthesis

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The light reactions of photosynthesis assume a linear flow of electrons from water to NADP+. During this process, light energy drives the splitting of water molecules to produce oxygen. However, oxidation of water molecules is a thermodynamically unfavorable reaction and requires a strong oxidizing agent. This is accomplished by the first product of light reactions: oxidized P680 (or P680+), the most powerful oxidizing agent known in biology. The oxidized P680 that acquires an electron from the...
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Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
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Electron Transport Chain Components01:29

Electron Transport Chain Components

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The electron transport chain (ETC) is a crucial metabolic pathway that facilitates energy conversion in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In eukaryotes, the ETC comprises four membrane-associated protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane. In prokaryotes, the ETC in the plasma membrane can vary in composition, with fewer or different complexes depending on the organism and environmental conditions. These complexes transfer electrons from electron donors, such as NADH and FADH2, to...
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Electron Transport Chain: Complex III and IV01:43

Electron Transport Chain: Complex III and IV

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During the electron transport chain, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are first transferred to complexes I and II, respectively. These two complexes then transfer the electrons to ubiquinol, which carries them further to complex III. Complex III passes the electrons across the intermembrane space to Cyt c, which carries them further to complex IV. Complex IV donates electrons to oxygen and reduces it to water. As electrons pass through complexes I, III, and IV, the energy released aids the pumping...
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Single-electron transport through stabilised silicon nanocrystals.

Tuhin Shuvra Basu1, Simon Diesch, Elke Scheer

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We developed a new method to create stable, luminescent silicon nanocrystals. Transport measurements revealed quantum confinement effects and electronic interactions, enabling tailored nanocrystal design.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Quantum Physics

Background:

  • Silicon nanocrystals are promising for optoelectronic applications.
  • Understanding quantum confinement effects is crucial for tuning their properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To fabricate stable, luminescent silicon nanocrystals using a novel technique.
  • To investigate quantum confinement and electronic interactions in individual silicon nanocrystals.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of organically capped silicon nanocrystals.
  • Low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) on individual nanocrystals.
  • Transport measurements within a double-barrier tunnel junction.
  • Magnetic field application to study differential conductance.

Main Results:

  • Observation of pronounced single electron tunneling effects.
  • Demonstration of quantum confinement-induced bandgap modifications.
  • Identification of various energy contributions from electronic interactions.
  • Detection of higher-order tunneling processes via magnetic field variation.

Conclusions:

  • A strong correlation exists between silicon nanocrystal size and quantum confinement effects.
  • The developed technique allows for the fabrication of tailored silicon nanocrystals.
  • This research provides insights into the electronic properties of silicon nanocrystals for future applications.