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Heat and Free Expansion01:24

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The work done by a thermodynamic system depends not only on the initial and final states but also on the intermediate states—that is, on the path. Like work, when heat is added to a thermodynamic system, it undergoes a change of state, and the state attained depends on the path from the initial state to the final state. Consider an ideal gas cylinder fitted with a piston. When the cylinder is heated at a constant temperature, the gas molecules absorb energy and expand slowly in a...
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The expansion of alcohol in a thermometer is one of many commonly encountered examples of thermal expansion, which is the change in size or volume of a given system as its temperature changes. The most visible example is the expansion of hot air. When air is heated, it expands and becomes less dense than the surrounding air, which then exerts an upward force on the hot air to, for example, make steam and smoke rise, and hot air balloons float. The same behavior happens in all liquids and gases,...
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Expanding a binomial expression such as (a + b)n results in a predictable sequence of terms that can be systematically derived using Pascal’s Triangle. This triangular array of numbers plays a central role in understanding and computing the coefficients of binomial expansions.Pascal’s Triangle is constructed such that each row corresponds to the coefficients of a binomial raised to a power. The topmost row, known as the zeroth row, corresponds to (a + b)0, and each successive row...
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Masonry walls are subject to slight expansion and contraction due to variations in temperature and moisture. Thermal movement in masonry is relatively straightforward to measure and plan for. On the other hand, moisture movement poses more of a challenge. New clay masonry units typically absorb water and expand over time under normal environmental conditions. Conversely, new concrete masonry units tend to shrink as they lose the excess moisture acquired during their production process.
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San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge is exposed to temperatures ranging from -15 °C to 40 °C. At its coldest, the main span of the bridge is 1275 m long. Assuming that the bridge is made entirely of steel, what is the change in its length between these temperatures?
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The inverse z-transform is a crucial technique for converting a function from its z-domain representation back to the time domain. One effective method for finding the inverse z-transform is the Partial Fraction Method, which involves decomposing a function into simpler fractions with distinct coefficients. These fractions correspond to known z-transform pairs, facilitating the inverse transformation process.
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Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Visualizing Intracellular Sialylation with Click Chemistry and Expansion Microscopy
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Expansion microscopy.

I Cho1, J Y Seo1, J Chang1

  • 1Department of biomedical engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.

Journal of Microscopy
|May 22, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Expansion microscopy (ExM) physically expands biological samples using hydrogels to achieve super-resolution imaging. This review details ExM principles, variants, and applications in diverse biological fields.

Keywords:
Brain imagingExpansion microscopySuper-resolution microscopy

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Area of Science:

  • Biological Imaging
  • Microscopy Techniques
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Super-resolution optical microscopy has transformed biological research.
  • Expansion microscopy (ExM) is a novel technique achieving super-resolution by physically enlarging specimens.
  • Various ExM-based methods have since been developed to enhance performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce the fundamental principles of Expansion Microscopy (ExM).
  • To review and compare different variants of ExM techniques.
  • To highlight the diverse applications of ExM in various scientific domains.

Main Methods:

  • Physical expansion of biological specimens using swellable hydrogels.
  • Detailed review of established and emerging ExM protocols.
  • Comparative analysis of ExM techniques based on performance metrics.

Main Results:

  • ExM enables super-resolution imaging by overcoming optical limitations through physical sample enlargement.
  • Different ExM variants offer distinct advantages in terms of resolution, speed, and compatibility.
  • ExM techniques have been successfully applied across numerous biological research areas.

Conclusions:

  • Expansion microscopy provides a powerful and versatile approach to achieving super-resolution in biological imaging.
  • Understanding the principles and variants of ExM is crucial for selecting the optimal technique for specific research questions.
  • The broad applicability of ExM continues to drive advancements in visualizing biological structures at unprecedented detail.