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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

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Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
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Regulated mRNA Transport02:22

Regulated mRNA Transport

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In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing...
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pre-mRNA Processing02:01

pre-mRNA Processing

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In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a “cap” to the 5’ end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5’ phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached to it (7-Methyl...
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mRNA Stability and Gene Expression02:51

mRNA Stability and Gene Expression

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The structure and stability of mRNA molecules regulates gene expression, as mRNAs are a key step in the pathway from gene to protein. In eukaryotes, the half-life of mRNA varies from a few minutes up to several days. mRNA stability is essential in growth and development. The absence of the proteins regulating its stability, such as tristetraprolin in mice, can cause systemic issues, including bone marrow overgrowth, inflammation, and autoimmunity.
Cis-acting Elements involved in mRNA stability
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Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay02:27

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

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The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
Usually, Upf3 binds to an Exon Junction Complex (EJC) at mRNA splice sites. If a ribosome fully translates the mRNA,...
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Fixed Action Patterns01:06

Fixed Action Patterns

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A fixed action pattern (FAP) is a specific, hard-wired sequence of behaviors that occurs in response to an external stimulus, called a sign stimulus. The behavior is “fixed” because it is essentially unchangeable—proceeding similarly across individuals of a species every time it occurs.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Preparation of Formalin-fixed Paraffin-embedded Tissue Cores for both RNA and DNA Extraction
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Preparation of Formalin-fixed Paraffin-embedded Tissue Cores for both RNA and DNA Extraction

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Developing mRNA-based biomarkers from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue.

Austin Tanney1, Richard D Kennedy

  • 1Almac Diagnostics, 19 Seagoe Industrial Estate, Craigavon, BT63 5QD, UK. austin.tanney@almagroup.com.

Personalized Medicine
|May 23, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Personalized cancer medicine requires molecular characterization of tumors using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue. Technological advancements now overcome previous challenges, enabling tailored oncology treatments and improved patient outcomes.

Keywords:
FFPEbiomarkerscancercompanion diagnosticsformalin-fixed paraffin-embeddedpredictive testsprognostic testssubtypes

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Cancer is a leading cause of death, necessitating personalized medicine approaches.
  • Current oncology treatments require refinement for improved patient outcomes.
  • Molecular characterization of tumors is crucial for identifying distinct cancer subgroups.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review challenges and technological advancements in analyzing formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues for cancer research.
  • To highlight the impact of these advancements on personalized medicine in oncology.
  • To discuss the implications for future drug and diagnostic development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on FFPE tissue analysis in oncology.
  • Discussion of technological developments enabling molecular characterization of FFPE samples.
  • Analysis of the impact on personalized medicine strategies.

Main Results:

  • Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue analysis presents unique challenges.
  • Technological innovations have significantly improved the feasibility of molecular characterization using FFPE samples.
  • These advancements facilitate the identification of patient subgroups for tailored treatment.

Conclusions:

  • Overcoming challenges in FFPE analysis is key to advancing personalized oncology.
  • Technological progress enables more precise cancer characterization.
  • This progress is expected to significantly impact the development of novel cancer drugs and diagnostics.