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Related Concept Videos

Gap Junctions01:37

Gap Junctions

57.3K
Multicellular organisms employ a variety of ways for cells to communicate with each other. Gap junctions are specialized proteins that form pores between neighboring cells in animals, connecting the cytoplasm between the two, and allowing for the exchange of molecules and ions. They are found in a wide range of invertebrate and vertebrate species, mediate numerous functions including cell differentiation and development, and are associated with numerous human diseases, including cardiac and...
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Gap Junctions01:27

Gap Junctions

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The cytoplasm of adjacent animal cells can exchange small molecules, ions, and secondary messengers via the communication channels which form the gap junctions. These junctions comprise a few hundred to thousands of molecular channels, each made of two halves, called the connexon hemichannel. A connexon is a hexamer of six transmembrane connexin proteins, which assemble radially, thus forming a pore or channel in the center. One connexon hemichannel docks with a corresponding connexon on the...
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Elimination Kinetics: First-Order and Zero-Order01:05

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Eliminating drugs from the body is a vital process that occurs through excretion or metabolism. Understanding the kinetics of drug elimination is crucial for drug development, dosage determination, and optimizing patient outcomes.
Drug clearance depends on the rate of drug elimination and its plasma concentration. Another important parameter is a drug's half-life, which is the time required for its concentration to decrease by half. In most cases, drug clearance follows first-order...
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Elimination Reactions02:25

Elimination Reactions

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A nucleophile can react with an alkyl halide to give the substitution product by displacing the halogen. Or it can function as a base to give the elimination product by deprotonation of the neighboring carbon to form an alkene. In an elimination reaction, the substrate loses two groups from adjacent carbons forming at least one π bond. The carbon attached to the halogen is called the α carbon, while the adjacent carbon is called the β carbon; hence, these reactions are called...
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Tumor Progression02:07

Tumor Progression

7.5K
Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
Colon cancer is one of the best-documented examples of tumor progression. Early mutation in the APC gene in colon cells causes a small growth on the colon wall called a polyp. With time, this polyp grows into a benign, pre-cancerous tumor. Further...
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Radical Formation: Elimination00:51

Radical Formation: Elimination

2.4K
Another method of radical formation is the elimination process. It is the opposite of the addition route and is driven by the instability of the radical. For example, as depicted in Figure 1, dibenzoyl peroxide yields a pair of unstable radicals upon homolysis. Given its instability, this radical spontaneously undergoes elimination via a C–C bond cleavage to form a relatively more stable phenyl radical. The mechanism involves cleavage of the bond between the α and β positions with respect...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Evidence-based Knowledge Synthesis and Hypothesis Validation: Navigating Biomedical Knowledge Bases via Explainable AI and Agentic Systems
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Knowledge gaps persist and hinder progress in eliminating mumps.

R Ramanathan1, E A Voigt1, R B Kennedy1

  • 1Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.

Vaccine
|May 23, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Mumps outbreaks are resurging despite high vaccination rates. Waning immunity and secondary vaccine failure are key factors, necessitating a reevaluation of mumps vaccine policy and further research.

Keywords:
AntibodiesCytokinesImmunity, humoralMeasles-mumps-rubella vaccineMumpsMumps vaccineMumps virusPolymorphism, geneticReceptors, cytokine

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Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Immunology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Mumps, a viral illness, historically caused significant childhood morbidity, including parotitis, orchitis, meningitis, and deafness.
  • The mumps vaccine dramatically reduced disease incidence, but recent years have seen a substantial resurgence.
  • Recurring outbreaks highlight the need to understand factors beyond low vaccination coverage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the reasons behind the recent resurgence of mumps outbreaks.
  • To examine the roles of waning immunity and secondary vaccine failure in mumps epidemiology.
  • To identify knowledge gaps and inform mumps vaccine policy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of epidemiological data on mumps incidence and vaccination coverage.
  • Analysis of studies investigating vaccine effectiveness and duration of immunity.
  • Assessment of factors contributing to breakthrough infections.

Main Results:

  • Low vaccination coverage alone does not explain the mumps resurgence.
  • Waning immunity and secondary vaccine failure are significant contributors to outbreaks, even in highly vaccinated populations.
  • Previous subclinical boosting effects may have masked these issues.

Conclusions:

  • The resurgence of mumps is multifactorial, with waning immunity and secondary vaccine failure playing critical roles.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the precise mechanisms of waning immunity.
  • A reevaluation of current mumps vaccine policy is warranted.