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Survival analysis is a statistical method used to study time-to-event data, where the "event" might represent outcomes like death, disease relapse, system failure, or recovery. A unique feature of survival data is censoring, which occurs when the event of interest has not been observed for some individuals during the study period. This requires specialized techniques to handle incomplete data effectively.
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Directing Effect of Substituents: meta-Directing Groups01:09

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Substituents on the benzene ring that direct an incoming electrophile to undergo substitution at the meta position are called meta directors. All meta directors either have a positive charge on the atom directly bonded to the ring or a partial positive charge. These groups function by withdrawing electrons from the ring through inductive and resonance effects. Consider the carbocation intermediates formed upon the addition of an electrophile on nitrobenzene at the...
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Network Covalent Solids02:18

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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
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meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H01:13

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All meta-directing substituents are deactivating groups. These substituents withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring, making the ring less reactive toward electrophilic substitution. For example, the nitration of nitrobenzene is 100,000 times slower than that of benzene because of the deactivating effect of the nitro group. The first step in an electrophilic aromatic substitution is the addition of an electrophile to form a resonance-stabilized carbocation. The energy diagrams for...
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Related Experiment Video

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Network meta-analysis: an introduction for pharmacists.

Yina Xu1, Mohamed Amine Amiche1, Mina Tadrous2,3

  • 1Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada.

International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
|May 23, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Network meta-analysis is a powerful tool for comparing multiple treatments, even when not directly studied together. This guide helps pharmacists understand and utilize this method for evidence-based decision-making.

Keywords:
Evidence based medicineEvidence synthesisIndirect treatment comparisonsMeta-analysisMethodologyMultiple treatment comparisonsNetwork meta-analysisSystematic review

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Biostatistics
  • Health Services Research

Background:

  • Network meta-analysis is increasingly used for therapeutic reviews and clinical guidelines.
  • Major health institutions endorse network meta-analysis for establishing therapeutic evidence.
  • Limited guidance exists for pharmacists reviewing network meta-analysis studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Introduce network meta-analysis to pharmacy practitioners.
  • Highlight key assumptions of network meta-analysis studies.
  • Facilitate the application of network meta-analysis in pharmacy practice.

Main Methods:

  • Summarizing and comparing multiple interventions within a single analysis.
  • Utilizing indirect comparisons when direct head-to-head trials are absent.
  • Synthesizing evidence from diverse study designs.

Main Results:

  • Network meta-analysis provides a robust framework for evidence synthesis.
  • It allows for comprehensive comparison of numerous interventions.
  • The technique supports informed clinical decision-making.

Conclusions:

  • Network meta-analysis is a valuable tool for pharmacists.
  • Understanding its assumptions is crucial for accurate interpretation.
  • This method enhances the quality of therapeutic reviews and guidelines.