Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Trial and Error and Algorithm

Trial and Error and Algorithm

A problem-solving strategy is a plan of action used to find a solution. Different strategies have distinct action plans. Trial and error involves trying different solutions until one works. For instance, to fix a broken printer, you might check ink levels, ensure the paper tray isn't jammed, and verify the printer's connection to your laptop. This method can be time-consuming but is commonly used. Thomas Edison, for example, used trial and error to find a suitable filament for the light...

Clinical Trials: Overview

Clinical Trials: Overview

Clinical development focuses on how the drug will interact with the human body and encompasses four key phases of clinical trials, each serving a specific purpose in assessing the safety and effectiveness of new drugs. These phases overlap and build upon one another. Phase I involves a small group of healthy volunteers (typically 20-80 individuals) or, in cases where significant toxicity is expected, patients with the targeted disease, such as cancer or AIDS. The volunteers are tested for...

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials

Clinical trials are prospective experimental studies conducted on humans to determine the safety and efficacy of treatments, drugs, diet methods, and medical devices. Using statistics in clinical trials enables researchers to derive reasonable and accurate conclusions from the collected data, allowing them to make wise decisions in uncertain situations. In medical research, statistical methods are crucial for preventing errors and bias.
There are four phases in a clinical trial. A phase one...

Position-effect Variegation

Position-effect Variegation

In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.

Position and Displacement

Position and Displacement

The position of an object defines its location relative to a convenient frame of reference at any particular time. A frame of reference is an arbitrary set of axes from which the position and motion of an object are described. Earth is often used as a frame of reference, and we often describe the position of an object as it relates to stationary objects on Earth. For example, a rocket launch could be described in terms of the position of the rocket with respect to Earth as a whole. On the other...

Serial Position Effect

Serial Position Effect

The serial position effect is a cognitive phenomenon where individuals are more likely to recall the first and last items in a list compared to those in the middle. This effect is divided into the primacy effect and the recency effect. The primacy effect is observed when the initial items in a list are remembered better. This occurs because these items are rehearsed more frequently or receive more elaborative processing, allowing them to be encoded into long-term memory more effectively. For...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Artificial Intelligence Dystocia Algorithm (AIDA) for Risk Stratification of Occiput Posterior Fetal Head Position.

Journal of imaging·2026

Same author

Intrapartum point-of-care ultrasound for assisting diagnosis of fetal head descending through buttonhole cervical tear.

Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology·2026

Same author

Evaluation of fetal anatomy in the first trimester on a national scale: screening and beyond.

Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology·2026

Same author

Farewell to the transthalamic plane: toward a unified transventricular standard.

Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology·2026

Same author

Left and right myocardial performance indices in growth-restricted fetuses: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology·2026

Same author

Perinatal outcomes following single intrauterine death in monochorionic twin pregnancies complicated by twin anemia polycythemia sequence: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Visual Classical Conditioning in Wood Ants

Visual Classical Conditioning in Wood Ants

Published on: October 5, 2018

Randomised Italian Sonography for occiput POSition Trial Ante vacuum (R.I.S.POS.T.A.).

T Ghi¹, A Dall'Asta¹, B Masturzo²

¹Department of Medicine and Surgery, Unit of Surgical Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.

Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology

|May 23, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Ultrasound assessment of fetal head position before vacuum extraction did not reduce failed instrumental deliveries or improve outcomes. This randomized trial found no benefit for sonographic diagnosis in reducing Cesarean sections or maternal/fetal morbidity.

Keywords:

emergency Cesarean section failed instrumental delivery fetal head position intrapartum ultrasound occiput posterior vacuum delivery

More Related Videos

Collection and Long-Term Maintenance of Leaf-Cutting Ants Atta in Laboratory Conditions

Collection and Long-Term Maintenance of Leaf-Cutting Ants Atta in Laboratory Conditions

Published on: August 30, 2022

Induction and Evaluation of Inbreeding Crosses Using the Ant, Vollenhovia Emeryi

Induction and Evaluation of Inbreeding Crosses Using the Ant, Vollenhovia Emeryi

Published on: October 5, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Visual Classical Conditioning in Wood Ants

Visual Classical Conditioning in Wood Ants

Published on: October 5, 2018

Collection and Long-Term Maintenance of Leaf-Cutting Ants Atta in Laboratory Conditions

Collection and Long-Term Maintenance of Leaf-Cutting Ants Atta in Laboratory Conditions

Published on: August 30, 2022

Induction and Evaluation of Inbreeding Crosses Using the Ant, Vollenhovia Emeryi

Induction and Evaluation of Inbreeding Crosses Using the Ant, Vollenhovia Emeryi

Published on: October 5, 2018

Area of Science:

Obstetrics and Gynecology
Medical Imaging
Clinical Trials

Background:

Instrumental vaginal delivery, particularly vacuum extraction, is common for fetal malposition.
Accurate assessment of fetal head position is crucial for successful instrumental delivery.
Sonography offers a potential tool to improve diagnostic accuracy over traditional vaginal examination.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate if sonographic diagnosis of fetal head position improves outcomes during instrumental vaginal delivery.
To determine if ultrasound reduces the rate of failed vacuum extractions and subsequent emergency Cesarean sections.
To assess the impact of sonographic guidance on maternal and fetal morbidity.

Main Methods:

A randomized controlled trial (R.I.S.POS.T.A.) involving 221 women undergoing vacuum extraction for cephalic presentation.
Participants were randomized to fetal head position assessment by vaginal examination (VE) alone or VE plus transabdominal sonography (TAS).
The primary outcome was the incidence of emergency Cesarean section due to failed vacuum extraction.

Main Results:

The trial was stopped early for futility.
No significant differences were found in emergency Cesarean sections or other maternal/fetal outcomes between the VE and VE plus TAS groups.
While TAS improved diagnostic accuracy of fetal head position, it led to a higher rate of episiotomy.

Conclusions:

Sonographic assessment of fetal head position prior to vacuum extraction did not demonstrate a benefit in reducing failed instrumental deliveries.
The study did not find improvements in maternal or fetal morbidity with the addition of sonography.
Premature discontinuation limited definitive conclusions, but current evidence suggests no clear advantage for routine sonographic use in this context.