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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
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Renewal of Intestinal Stem Cells01:23

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The intestinal epithelial lining rapidly renews every 4 to 5 days. The renewal is facilitated by intestinal stem cells (ISCs) located at the base of the crypt– a gland located at the bottom of each villus. ISCs divide asymmetrically to form new stem cells and progenitor daughter cells. The daughter cells are called transit-amplifying (TA) cells which move upwards along the crypt and either differentiate into absorptive cells– the enterocytes or secretory cells– including the...
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Tissue Renewal without Stem Cells01:23

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After cellular or tissue damage, the resident stem cells present in the human body can locally repair and regenerate the damaged tissue or organ. However, even though some tissues do not have stem cells, they can repair and regenerate with the help of pre-existing cells. For example, beta cells of the pancreas and hepatocytes of the liver can divide to renew and regenerate the tissue. Here, both cell division and cell death are well regulated by homeostasis.
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Renewal of Skin Epidermal Stem Cells01:12

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The skin is divided into epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, the skin's outermost, middle, and inner layers. The human epidermal layer regularly undergoes renewal, where old, dead cells are replaced by new cells. Epidermal stem cells or EpiSCs divide and differentiate to restore the lost cells. For the renewal process, some EpiSCs continuously self-renew. In contrast, few others differentiate into transit-amplifying cells, which later form prickle or spinous cells, followed by granular...
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Notch signaling was first discovered in Drosophila melanogaster, where it is involved in cell lineage differentiation. Notch signaling regulates the maintenance and differentiation of intestinal stem cells or ISCs by controlling the expression of atonal homolog 1 or Atoh1. Atoh1 directs cells to differentiate into secretory cells.
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Efficient Derivation of Human Neuronal Progenitors and Neurons from Pluripotent Human Embryonic Stem Cells with Small Molecule Induction
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Pluripotent stem cells: induction and self-renewal.

R Abu-Dawud1, N Graffmann2, S Ferber2

  • 1Comparative Medicine Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Zahrawi Street, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia.

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
|May 23, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offer regenerative medicine potential. Researchers reviewed iPSC reprogramming, identifying new biomarkers for naive pluripotent stem cells.

Keywords:
epigeneticsiPSCnaivepluripotencyprimedurine

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Direct Induction of Hemogenic Endothelium and Blood by Overexpression of Transcription Factors in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells
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Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Regenerative medicine
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are crucial for regenerative medicine, capable of self-renewal and differentiation.
  • Induced PSCs (iPSCs) derived from somatic cells bypass ethical concerns and enable personalized therapies.
  • Understanding iPSC induction mechanisms is vital for efficient production and safe clinical application.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the molecular mechanisms of somatic cell reprogramming into iPSCs.
  • To identify key processes including self-renewal, epigenetic control, and mitochondrial function.
  • To propose novel biomarkers for defining naive PSC states.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of somatic cell reprogramming into iPSCs.
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms: self-renewal, epigenetic control, mitochondrial bioenergetics.
  • Meta-analysis of gene expression data to identify naive PSC biomarkers.

Main Results:

  • Detailed review of iPSC reprogramming pathways and associated biological processes.
  • Identification of specific gene expression patterns distinguishing naive from primed pluripotency.
  • Proposed novel gene expression biomarkers for naive PSC identification.

Conclusions:

  • A comprehensive understanding of iPSC reprogramming is essential for advancing regenerative medicine.
  • Novel gene biomarkers can enhance the definition and quality control of naive PSCs.
  • This research contributes to the development of safe and effective cell-based therapies.