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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Intestines01:23

Anatomy of the Intestines

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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
Small Intestines
The small intestine is an ~7 meter-long tube with an inner diameter of just 2.5 cm. Since most nutrients are absorbed here, the inner lining of the...
87.7K
Small Intestine01:15

Small Intestine

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The small intestine is primarily responsible for digestion and nutrient absorption. It spans from the pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve and connects to the large intestine.
The small intestine is divided into three main sections - the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The duodenum, approximately 25 cm long, is nearest the stomach. It acts as a 'mixing bowl,' where chyme (partially digested food) blends with digestive enzymes from the pancreas and liver. The duodenum's unique...
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Large Intestine01:09

Large Intestine

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The large intestine is divided into three main regions: the cecum, colon, and rectum. Extending from the ileocecal valve to the anus, it frames the small intestine on three sides.
The ileocecal sphincter, a mucous membrane fold, guards the opening from the ileum to the large intestine. This valve permits material from the small intestine to pass into the large intestine. Attached to the ileocecal valve is the cecum. This small pouch, approximately 6 cm long, has a twisted, coiled tube known as...
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Histology of the Large Intestine01:26

Histology of the Large Intestine

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The large intestine, a vital component of the gastrointestinal tract, is structured with four main layers: the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa. Each layer performs a distinct role in facilitating the smooth functioning of the large intestine.
The innermost mucosa layer comprises simple columnar epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae. This layer is primarily populated with absorptive cells, tasked with water absorption, and goblet cells, responsible for secreting mucus to...
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Histology of the Small Intestine01:27

Histology of the Small Intestine

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The small intestine exhibits a unique histological structure that significantly enhances its function in digestion and nutrient absorption. These structures include circular folds, villi, and various specialized cells that collectively facilitate the digestion of food.
The intestinal lining features transverse folds called circular folds, each housing fingerlike projections known as intestinal villi. These villi are covered by a layer of simple columnar epithelium, also referred to as...
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Bacterial Flora of the Large Intestine01:29

Bacterial Flora of the Large Intestine

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The gut microbiome is formed by a vast and diverse community of bacteria that colonizes our large intestine. These bacteria start residing in the gut from birth and continue diversifying throughout life, influenced by factors such as diet, lifestyle, and stress. The gut bacterial community also includes bacteria from food and those that enter the colon through the anus.
The normal gut flora of the colon plays a critical role in generating essential vitamins such as vitamins K, B5, and B7.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 10, 2026

A Protocol for Lentiviral Transduction and Downstream Analysis of Intestinal Organoids
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A Protocol for Lentiviral Transduction and Downstream Analysis of Intestinal Organoids

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Intestinal organoids for modelling intestinal development and disease.

Kathryn L Fair1, Jennifer Colquhoun1, Nicholas R F Hannan2,3

  • 1Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
|May 23, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Human intestinal organoids, grown in vitro from stem cells, offer a powerful new model for studying gastrointestinal diseases. These organoids provide a human-specific platform for disease research and therapeutic development.

Keywords:
disease modellingorganoidsstem cells

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Generation of hiPSC-Derived Intestinal Organoids for Developmental and Disease Modelling Applications
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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology and Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Gastrointestinal diseases are a growing concern in developed nations.
  • Current research models, including immortalized cells and animal models, offer limited insights into disease mechanisms.
  • There is a critical need for human-specific in vitro models that accurately mimic intestinal structure and function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current in vitro models for intestinal development and disease.
  • To identify areas for improvement in existing models.
  • To explore potential future applications of these models.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing advances in pluripotent stem cells and primary tissue culture.
  • Culturing intestinal epithelial cells in three dimensions to form self-assembling intestinal organoids.
  • Reviewing existing literature on in vitro intestinal models.

Main Results:

  • Intestinal organoids represent a significant advancement in creating human-specific in vitro models.
  • These organoids can recapitulate key aspects of intestinal structure and function.
  • The review highlights the potential of organoids for disease modeling and drug testing.

Conclusions:

  • Intestinal organoids provide a novel platform for gaining insights into gastrointestinal diseases.
  • These models hold promise for advancing drug and toxicity testing.
  • Future applications include developmental modeling and the development of new therapeutic strategies.